Web site design and hosting - Chapter 1 . Starting with Linux 13 When
Chapter 1 . Starting with Linux 13 When USL eventually started taking on marketing experts and creating a desktop UNIX product for end users, Microsoft Windows already had a firm grasp on the desktop market. Also, because the direction of UNIX had always been toward source code licensing destined for large computing systems, USL had pricing difficulties for its products. For example, on software it was including with UNIX, USL found itself having to pay out per-computer licensing fees that were based on $100,000 mainframes instead of $2,000 PCs. Add to that the fact that no application programs were available with UNIXWare, and you can see why the endeavor failed. Successful marketing of UNIX systems at the time, however, was happening with other computer companies. SCO had found a niche market, primarily selling PC versions of UNIX running dumb terminals in small offices. Sun Microsystems was selling lots of UNIX workstations (originally based on BSD but which was merged with UNIX in SVR4) for programmers and high-end technology applications (such as stock trading). Other commercial UNIXs were also emerging by the 1980s as well. This new ownership assertion of UNIX was beginning to take its toll on the spirit of open contributions. Lawsuits were being raised to protect UNIX source code and trademarks. In 1984, this new, restrictive UNIX gave rise to an organization that eventually led a path to Linux: the Free Software Foundation. To a GNU Free-Flowing (Not) UNIX In 1984, Richard M. Stallman started the GNU project (www.gnu.org), recursively named by the phrase GNU is Not UNIX. As a project of the Free Software Foundation (FSF), GNU was intended to become a recoding of the entire UNIX operating system that could be freely distributed. While rewriting millions of lines of code might seem daunting to one or two people, spreading the effort across dozens, or even hundreds, of programmers made the project possible. It turned out that not only could the same results be gained by all new code, but that in some cases that code was better than the original UNIX versions. Because everyone could see the code being produced for the project, poorly written code could be corrected quickly or replaced over time. If you are familiar with UNIX, try searching the more than 3,400 GNU software packages for your favorite UNIX commands from the Free Software Directory (http:// directory.fsf.org/GNU). Chances are you will find it there, along with many, many other software projects available as add-ons. Over time, the term free software has been mostly replaced by the term open source software. This helps bring home the fact that, while you are free to use the software as you like, you have some responsibility to make the improvements you make to the code available to others. In that way, everyone in the community can benefit from your work as you have benefited from others .
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