Web server on xp - Chapter 1 . Starting with Linux 15 Today,
Chapter 1 . Starting with Linux 15 Today, BSD versions are available from three projects: FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD. People generally characterize FreeBSD as the easiest to use, NetBSD as available on the most computer hardware platforms, and OpenBSD as fanatically secure. Many security-minded individuals still prefer BSD over Linux. Linus Builds the Missing Piece In 1991, Linus Torvalds, a student at the University of Helsinki, Finland, started work on a UNIX-like kernel because he wanted to be able to use the same kind of operating system on his home PC that he used at school. At the time, Linus was using Minix, but he wanted to go beyond what the Minix standards permitted. As noted earlier, Linus announced the first public version of the Linux kernel to the comp.os.minix newsgroup on August 25, 1991. Although Linus guesses that the first version didn t actually come out until mid-September of that year (see the Linux International Web site s Linux History page: www.li.org/linuxhistory.php). Although Torvalds stated that Linux was written for the 386 processor and probably wasn t portable, others persisted in encouraging (and contributing to) a more portable approach in the early versions of Linux. By October 5, Linux 0.02 was released with much of the original assembly code rewritten in the C programming language, which made it possible to start porting it to other machines. The Linux kernel was the last and the most important piece of code that was needed to complete a whole UNIX-like operating system under the GPL. So, when people started putting together distributions, the name Linux and not GNU is what stuck. Some distributions such as Debian, however, refer to themselves as GNU/Linux distributions. Within the next few years, commercial and noncommercial Linux distributions began to emerge. MCC Interim Linux (ftp.mcc.ac.uk/pub/linux/distributions/ MCC) was released in the U.K. in February 1992. Slackware Linux (described in Chapter 14), which was first released in April 1993, is one of the oldest surviving Linux distributions. Today, Linux can be described as an open source UNIX-like operating system that reflects a combination of SVID, POSIX, and BSD compliance. Linux continues to aim toward compliance with POSIX as well as with standards set by the new owner of the UNIX trademark, The Open Group (www.unix-systems.org). The nonprofit Open Source Development Labs (www.osdl.org), which employs Linus Torvalds, manages the direction today of Linux development efforts. Its sponsors list is like a who s who of commercial Linux vendors, including IBM, Red Hat, SUSE (Novell), VA Software, HP, Dell, Computer Associates, Intel, Cisco Systems, and others. OSDL s primary charter is to accelerate the growth of Linux in telecommunications and data centers. Note
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