Remote web server - Chapter 1 . Starting with Linux 11 If
Chapter 1 . Starting with Linux 11 If you are a Linux enthusiast and are interested in what features from the early days of Linux have survived, an interesting read is Dennis Ritchie s reprint of the first UNIX programmer s manual (dated November 3, 1971). You can find it at Dennis Ritchie s Web site: http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/1stEdman.html. The form of this documentation is UNIX man pages which is still the primary format for documenting UNIX and Linux operating system commands and programming tools today. What s clear as you read through the early documentation and accounts of the UNIX system is that the development was a free-flowing process, lacked ego, and was dedicated to making UNIX excellent. This process led to a sharing of code (both inside and outside of Bell Labs) that allowed rapid development of a highquality UNIX operating system. It also led to an operating system that AT&T would find difficult to reel back in later. To a Commercialized UNIX Before AT&T divestiture in 1984, when it was split up into AT&T and seven baby Bell companies, AT&T was forbidden to sell computer systems. Companies you now know by names such as Verizon, Qwest, SBC Communications, and Lucent Technologies were all part of AT&T. As a result of AT&T s monopoly of the telephone system, the U.S. government was concerned that an unrestricted AT&T might dominate the fledgling computer industry. Because AT&T was restricted from selling computers directly to customers before its divestiture, UNIX source code was licensed to universities for a nominal fee. There was no UNIX operating system for sale from AT&T that you didn t have to compile yourself. BSD Arrives In 1975, UNIX V6 became the first version of UNIX available for widespread use outside of Bell Laboratories. From this early UNIX source code, the first major variant of UNIX was created at University of California at Berkeley. It was named the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). For most of the next decade, the BSD and Bell Labs versions of UNIX headed off in separate directions. BSD continued forward in the free-flowing, share-the-code manner that was the hallmark of the early Bell Labs UNIX, while AT&T started steering UNIX toward commercialization. With the formation of a separate UNIX Laboratory, which moved out of Murray Hill and down the road to Summit, New Jersey, AT&T began its attempts to commercialize UNIX. By 1984, divestiture was behind AT&T, and it was ready to really start selling UNIX.
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