202 Part II . Running the Show (1 on 1 web hosting) Table
202 Part II . Running the Show Table 6-2 (continued) State Description LAST_ACK The remote end has shut down, and the socket is closed, waiting for acknowledgment. LISTEN Socket is waiting for an incoming connection. CLOSING Both sides of the connection are shut down, but not all of your data has been sent. UNKNOWN The state of the socket is unknown. During a DoS attack, the foreign address is usually the same for each connection, in which case it s a simple matter of typing the foreign IP address into the search form at www.arin.net/whois/ so you can alert your ISP. During a DDoS attack, the foreign address is likely to be different for each connection, which makes it impossible to track down all the offenders because there are probably thousands of them. The best way to defend yourself is to contact your ISP to see if it can filter the traffic at its border routers. Protecting Against Intrusion Attacks Crackers have a wide variety of tools and techniques to assist them in breaking into your computer. Intrusion attacks focus on exploiting weaknesses in your security, so crackers can take more control of your system (and potentially do more damage) than they could from the outside. Fortunately, there are many tools and techniques for combating intrusion attacks. Let s explore some of the most common break-in methods and the tools available to protect your system. Evaluating Access to Network Services Linux systems provide many network services and therefore many avenues for cracker attacks. You should know these services and how to limit access to them. What is a network service? Basically, it s any task that the computer performs that requires it to send and receive information over the network using some predefined set of rules. Routing e-mail is a network service. So is serving Web pages. Your Linux box has the potential to provide thousands of services. Many of them are listed in the /etc/services file. Look at a snippet of that file:
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