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Chapter 13 . Running Gentoo Linux 369 The Gentoo Community The open source spirit of Gentoo pervades its community. The size and activity of that community is best reflected in its forums (http://forums.gentoo.org), in which there are literally hundreds (and sometimes thousands) of new posts per day. If there s something about Gentoo you can t find using Google, try searching the Gentoo forums. To get a sense of the activity levels on the forums, check out the board statistics (http://forums.gentoo.org/statistics.php). You can see how many posts, topics, and users there are in the forums per day. You can also see, and visit, the most active topics in the forums. Many Gentoo enthusiasts seem to live on the forums. Although most of the posts stick closely to Linux, nobody seems to blink an eye when someone posts questions about the existence of God or what to do when a guy s wife has left him. The forums verge on the feel of a coffeehouse at times. It never hurts to start with the Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) forums. However, I think most will want to start with the Installing Gentoo forum (because you are likely to get hung up on installation when you first try installing it). If you are interested in live communications about Gentoo, try the Gentoo IRC #gentoo channel at irc.freenote.net (you can use xchat in most Linux systems to access IRC channels). Another good starting forum is the Documentation, Tips, & Tricks forum, where you can find cool little tricks to tweak your system. Building, Tuning, and Tweaking Linux Gentoo is sometimes referred to as the build-from-source Linux system. Most other Linux distributions give you a set of prebuilt packages to install and never expect you to build the whole system yourself. While you can get Gentoo with packages prebuilt for you, the distribution was made for you to be able to build the Linux kernel and all packages right on the machine where you will install it. When you install from prebuilt binary software packages, which is expected with Gentoo and most other Linux distributions, many decisions have already been made for you about what each package includes and what it is tuned for. By building a Gentoo distribution from source code, you can create a distribution that specifically takes into account the following about your situation: . What processor you are running on. Most distributions choose a particular architecture (such as x86, PowerPC, or Sparc) and a generic selection of settings for using the processor. With Gentoo, however, you can choose the exact type of processor you re using and compile all software to take advantage of features from that processor (while not including features specific to other processors).
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368 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution The Portage software distribution management system is the key technology that separates Gentoo from other Linux distributions. Based on the BSD Ports system, Portage can be used to build almost the entire Gentoo distribution from source codes, and manage and upgrade that software as well. Gentoo s Open Source Spirit Although Gentoo could someday produce a commercial Linux distribution, Robbins and the Gentoo project are committed to the goals of open source software, while still allowing those who use the software to make money. Ways that those goals are reflected in Gentoo and not in other distributions include: . Passing bug fixes upstream. Software bugs in open source projects are often shaken out when actual Linux distributions are put together. When a distribution finds a bug, it is considered good practice to pass the fix to that bug upstream, to the project maintaining the original software. Not passing bug fixes upstream could potentially give a commercial Linux distribution an advantage over other distributions that don t have the fix. There have been many cases where fixes in early Red Hat Linux and other commercial distributions have not made it to the upstream projects. Gentoo, on the other hand, has a reputation for sharing bug fixes with the open source community. . Transparent development process. Not only is the open source software made available to everyone, but the tools for building that software are also freely distributed. Gentoo users can see exactly what their software contains, along with all the decisions made to build that software. It is also a fairly simple procedure to change any of those build decisions in the process of users building their own Gentoo software. . Choices for creating Gentoo. You can build your own Gentoo Linux from the source code pages (as described in this chapter) or start from prebuilt binary packages provided by the Gentoo project. Freedom, in the Gentoo philosophy, means to let users create the kind of Linux system the users want. So, if users don t want to make decisions about how their packages are built, they can simply take ready-made packages from the Gentoo project. . Not-for-profit organization. When the Linux distribution is dedicated to the community and not beholden to stockholders, open source enthusiasts often feel better about freely contributing to improving that distribution. Gentoo is a not-for-profit organization. This open source spirit has also helped Gentoo gain a community that is extraordinarily active and helpful to its members.
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Running Gentoo Linux Gentoo is a rising star of Linux distributions among Linux enthusiasts. Of all the popular distributions, this is the first one I d recommend to a technically oriented friend who wanted to learn Linux and the last one I d recommend to my wife ( Just show me what button to click for my e-mail ). That s because to install and maintain Gentoo effectively, you have to care (to an almost unnatural extent) about what is going on with your computer. This chapter describes why you might want to use Gentoo, what the Gentoo community is like, and how to get and install Gentoo Linux. The Gentoo universal install CD image is included on the DVD that comes with this book. You can copy and burn the Gentoo image to CD as described in Appendix A. Because this CD does not contain a complete Gentoo install, you will need an Internet connection or some medium containing the needed Gentoo packages (CD, DVD, or hard disk) to get the software you need to complete the Gentoo installation. Understanding Gentoo Performance and efficiency were the critical goals that led to the creation of the Gentoo Linux distribution. A dedication to the spirit of open source software (and to those drawn to it) has been a key to its incredible growth. In the few years it has been in existence, Gentoo has grown from having one maintainer its creator, Daniel Robbins to having more than 250 active developers. It boasts perhaps the strongest user community among all Linux distributions. Gentoo users seem willing to contribute so freely because they feel that they get back what they give to Gentoo. On the CD-ROM 1C H A3P3T E R . . . . In This Chapter Understanding Gentoo What s in Gentoo Installing Gentoo . . . .
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366 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution . Yellow Dog Linux User Channel If you are comfortable with IRC (Internet Relay Chat), you can use irc.freenode.net and join #yellowdog for interactive support that is community driven. . Yellow Dog Official Support If you can t find the information you need from the previous sources or http://yellowdoglinux.com/support/ installation/, you can purchase support from Terra Soft Solutions through http://terrasoftsolutions.com/tss_contact.shtml. If you purchased Yellow Dog Linux through Terra Soft Solutions with 60 days of support, you can contact the company through http://terrasoftsolutions.com/support/. If you need software support after your installation, use some of the other more generic support options available from the Linux community. These options include using a search engine to search for the problem and visiting community-driven Web sites such as the following: . The Linux Documentation Project (http://tldp.org/) The premier Web site for how-to guides for using the Linux operating system. . Linux Journal Help Desk (http://linuxjournal.com/helpdesk.php) Offers guidance on using Linux. . Just Linux (http://justlinux.com/) Offers some basic guides on Linux use. . Linux.com Tips (http://tips.linux.com/) Offers some great tips. You can use your favorite search engine to find more of the many, many helpful Linux Web sites out there. The Linux community is generally very supportive of new users, and you can find help from local Linux User Groups (LUGs) or via many places on the Internet. Summary Yellow Dog Linux is a very stable, fully functioning version of Fedora Core available on the PowerPC platform. It has the capability to extend the life of your Mac hardware and to run Mac OS 9 or below or even Mac OS X on your running Linux installation using Mac-on-Linux. Linux is not the sole domain of the X86 community, and now PowerPC users can use Linux while still enjoying their Mac OS or Mac OS X environment through multibooting or using the innovative Mac-on-Linux software. . . .
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Chapter 12 . Running Yellow Dog Linux 365 If it had been a month and you decided you no longer needed gimp, you could remove it with yum remove gimp Yum makes updating packages very easy and should be used regularly to keep your system updated with the latest patches (you can even run it from a cron job for true automation). Running Mac Applications with Mac-on-Linux Mac-on-Linux is a very interesting project that enables Mac users to have the best of both Linux and Mac. With this software, you can run Linux as the primary operating system and still access your Mac OS or Mac OS X operating systems (or even another Linux operating system) via a window within your operating Linux session. Mac-on-Linux presents a virtual machine that provides a real environment to the Mac OS or Mac OS X installation. Because there is no emulation, Mac-on-Linux is very fast and capable. Mac-on-Linux is very stable and works with minimal configuration. For more information on what Mac-on-Linux provides and on instructions for its use visit http://maconlinux.org/. Support Options If you run into problems using or installing Yellow Dog Linux, you can obtain support in many ways. The Linux community at large is very supportive, proffering numerous Web pages available to assist the newcomer. If you encounter problems with hardware, try one of the following options: . Yellow Dog Mailing List Archive Search A free service that enables you to search some of the more common problems encountered by users. Use the Search Lists box at the top right side of the http://yellowdoglinux.com/ support/installation/ page. . Yellow Dog Community Board Another free support option that is run by Yellow Dog Linux enthusiasts. It is available at http://yellowdog-board.com/. . Yellow Dog Mail Lists If your questions didn t get answered through the preceding sites, you could subscribe to some of the numerous Yellow Dog mailing lists where you can ask your questions. Directions for use are at http://lists.terrasoftsolutions.com/mailman/listinfo.
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364 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Updating Yellow Dog Linux Yellow Dog Updated, Modified (yum) is included with Yellow Dog and ships with Fedora, Mandrake, and other Linux distributions as well. It s a utility that enables you to update your system packages to the latest available version. Because new security vulnerabilities are released on all operating systems frequently, updating your system packages regularly is essential. Updating your packages also gives you the newest features available for the applications you are using. Here are some of the most widely used options available with yum (replace package with name of package): Option Description yum list Shows all the packages available to be installed (but not installed). yum list installed Shows installed packages. yum list updates Shows all installed packages that have updates (patches) available. yum install package Installs the package you identify in package. yum update package Updates the package you identify in package. The great thing about this is it installs all package dependencies, which used to be a major headache when administering patches. yum update Updates all packages on the system. (Same as preceding option but does not specify package name.) yum remove package Removes the package identified in package. yum info package Provides detailed information on the package identified in package. Using this information, assume that you want to run gimp GNU Image Manipulation Project (GIMP) is a very popular graphics editing program and you haven t installed it previously. If you want to get more information on it, you d run: yum info gimp If you decide you want to install it: yum install gimp If an update becomes available a week later and you want to patch it: yum update gimp
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Chapter 12 . Running Yellow Dog Linux 363 15. You ve reached the About to Install phase. You re warned that the system will begin writing to the disk. You can back out of anything at this point with no damage to the system, so if you made a mistake or are not sure about installing, you can simply reboot. If you are ready to commit your configuration to the system, click Next. Your system begins writing the software to the hard drive. This can take from 10 minutes to an hour or more depending on the speed of your system and the amount of software you decided to load. You are shown a list of the CDs that your system needs to load the software. Be sure to have those CDs ready to load into the system. After each CD is completed, you are prompted to insert another CD until the installation is complete. 16. After the installation finishes, the congratulations screen appears. Click Reboot when you are ready. 17. The system reboots and goes through system initialization. Afterward, a welcome screen appears. 18. The initial setup begins here. Click Next to move forward. 19. The license agreement appears in a text box. Read it and then click No if you do not agree to the terms, and the process stops. Click Yes if you agree to the terms. 20. Set the date and time for the system. If you want to use Network Time Protocol (NTP) to synchronize your system date and time with a remote network system for maximum assurance of correct date and time, check the Enable Network Time Protocol box, and then select one of the two NTP servers provided. 21. Set the display resolution and color depth to your preference. (You can change this in the system after installation.) 22. Create your nonroot daily user account. Enter a username (the name you use to log in with) and the full name of the user (for administrative purposes), and then enter the password twice. If you need to use network login, you can configure that here as well (your system administrator can provide this information if needed). Do not log in with the root account for normal day-to-day activities. That can be very dangerous in that you could accidentally damage the system with an errant command, but it also means that you might surf the Web using root or install software with root without thinking twice about it, possibly introducing malicious software. Use the nonroot account for all nonadministrative purposes and regular interaction with the system. 23. Configure your sound card. If everything seems to be configured properly, try to play a test sound. A pop-up window asks if you heard the sound. Answer appropriately, and click Next when you re ready to move on. 24. If you have any additional CDs from which to install software, insert them into the CD-ROM and select them here (the CD you insert will show on the list). Click Next to continue. 25. At this point you are done installing and configuring your system, and you are booted up into the graphical user interface with a prompt for the username and password. Caution
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362 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Web Server (HTTP, HTTPS). Allows your system to serve regular (HTTP) Web pages or encrypted (HTTPS) Web pages. Unless you need to run a Web server, it is recommended that you do not check this. File Transfer (FTP). Allows users to interactively log in to your system and transfer files. This protocol is unencrypted and not needed by most users. If you must allow file transfers, SFTP (provided with SSH) is the preferred method because the password and username are sent encrypted. Mail Server (SMTP). Allows your system to accept mail requests or mail relay requests. You can still send and receive mail if you do not check this; it just allows your machine to act as a mail server. If you install and improperly configure SMTP, your system can become a spam relay, so only more experienced users should check this. These settings can be reconfigured later using iptables. See the man page for iptables for more information. 11. If you need additional language support, select it here. Your default language (chosen during install language selection) should already be selected. Click Next to continue. 12. Select the time zone in which you reside or the time zone you want to use for your server. If your hardware uses UTC (Greenwich Mean Time GMT), select the check box at the bottom. Click next to continue. 13. Set your root password. This password provides the keys to the kingdom; with the root account, a user can do anything, including destroy the entire file system. You must set to a strong password (not any personally identifiable information such as identification number, phone number, pet s name, family member s birthday, etc.). Enter your password twice (to ensure it is the same), and then press Enter. The importance of a good root or any other account password should not be minimized. This is crucially important to the security of your system. See http:// securityfocus.com/infocus/1537 for more information on choosing good passwords. 14. Select the different packages you want to install on the system. Choose Everything (for all software packages) or Minimal (only the basics to run the system). Selecting the package groups enables you to see the individual packages included in each group (you can select or deselect from that list for more granularity). Note that KDE is chosen by default; if you prefer to use GNOME or want to use both, check GNOME. When you re finished, click Next. Red Hat Fedora Linux 3 Bible includes descriptions of the software included with each of the packages for Fedora Core Linux. The packages described in Appendix B of that book are similar to Yellow Dog Linux selections because Yellow Dog is based on the Fedora Core distribution. That entire book can also be used as a reference guide to Yellow Dog Linux. Note Caution Note
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Chapter 12 . Running Yellow Dog Linux 361 IP Address A four-octet number that uniquely identifies your computer address. Your system will have a unique IP on your LAN or WAN (wide area network) connection. Netmask Identifies the Host and network portions of the IP address. A class A network is 255.0.0.0, a class B is 255.255.0.0, and a class C is 255.255.255.0 by default (if no subnet masking is in place). Click OK and, if you aren t using DHCP, set your hostname by selecting Hostname.Manually. This can be any name you want to represent your computer. If this is a server, follow your company s naming convention. If you prefer to have DHCP set your hostname, select the Automatically via DHCP radio button. The last options are grayed out if you have selected DHCP. If you chose to manually configure your network options, enter the following: Gateway IP address The IP address of the machine that is the gateway or router between your network and the outside networks. For instance, 192.168.1.1 might be your gateway if you have a Linksys or D-Link router between your computer and your cable or DSL connection. Primary, secondary, and tertiary DNS The server that your system uses for address name translation (converting a hostname into an IP address). Your ISP usually gives you this information. 10. Configure the firewall. A firewall acts as a conduit between your computer and other computers that request access to the services it is providing. If you are connected to the Internet or other networks, enable your firewall. Even if you are not connected to an untrusted network, you should enable the firewall in case you connect at a later date. Two choices are available in this section: No firewall Don t choose this option because it does not check against requests for services. Even if your system is not currently providing services, it s best to not select this option (things can change as the system grows). Enable firewall The preferred selection. It provides a modicum of security against malicious entities that may want to attack your systems. Only the default services are allowed at this level, and you can configure access for more services as needed. Some of the defaults are: Remote login (SSH). An encrypted protocol that replaces the vulnerable telnet protocol. With SSH you can log in to the system with an interactive shell, as well as securely transfer files interactively (SFTP) or noninteractively (SCP). For more information on this, type man ssh at the command line after installation. When SSH is unchecked, you can still use these utilities on outgoing connections. This only controls incoming requests from outside your computer. If you need to access your system remotely, you can choose this, but it is best to leave it unchecked for security reasons. The same applies to the other options presented. Note
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360 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Be extremely careful using the Remove All Partitions option, and if at all possible, avoid using it at all because you can accidentally destroy your Mac OS installation! Keep all partitions and use existing free space. The one you want to use in most cases, because it won t alter your Mac OS or Mac OS X installations and uses only the identified free space (as created previously). This is the option you should select if you are using Automatically partition. Manually Partition with Disk Druid This is the more advanced option that allows you to create your partitions to your preference. Here is the sequence for creating new Linux partitions: Choose the drive on which you want to install Yellow Dog Linux. Choose New to create a new partition. You must create three partitions. First, choose Filesystem Type.Apple BootStrap. No mount point is needed. It should be 1MB and fixed size. This partition is for booting and should be the very first partition. Second, choose Filesystem Type.Swap. No mount point required. It should be a minimum 256MB (256MB is generally enough, although some say this should be set to twice the size of your physical RAM. More won t degrade system performance, though, and it doesn t hurt to be safe) and fixed size. This partition is the swap space that Linux uses for processes when the RAM is full. Third, create your root partition by selecting / as the mount point. This is where the file system is mounted. The root partition is absolutely critical because your other file systems will mount from this. You generally want to have your root partition consume the rest of the hard drive unless you are creating more partitions. Additional partitions are optional. 9. Identify your network settings, including DHCP. You use your network configuration for LAN (local area network) connections, such as when you are using a router between your cable or DSL connection and the local, internal network. You should know these settings ahead of time, so be sure to check them out before you start. Refer to Chapter 5 for descriptions of IP addresses, netmasks, and other information you need to set up your LAN. Select eth0 (your first network interface card) and click Edit. You have the following options: Configure using DHCP Enables you to automatically obtain a DHCP address from your LAN if there is a DHCP server (such as Linksys or D-Link Routers). If you check here, you do not need to fill out anything else in this section. Activate on boot Enables you to turn on your network connection during boot. Under most circumstances you will want to do so if you are using a LAN. Cross- Reference Caution
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