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Chapter 11 . Running KNOPPIX 333 See Chapter 17 for information on using a bootable Linux as a firewall/router and Chapter 18 for descriptions of many other bootable Linux distributions. Examining Challenges with KNOPPIX For most people, KNOPPIX is a special-use Linux system. It s a great way to try Linux or to access a computer that isn t set up the way you like. However, there are a few challenges with using KNOPPIX that you should keep in mind: . Reboot clears out KNOPPIX Unless you save your data to some other media (which you can do, as I describe later in this chapter), the entire KNOPPIX system goes away when you reboot. That means files on the desktop, installed software, system configuration, and anything else you do during your KNOPPIX session will be gone unless you explicitly save that information to a hard disk or some removable medium (floppy, CD, and so on). . Memory limitations KNOPPIX is made to be able to run without touching your hard disk, so when you save files to KNOPPIX, they are (by default) stored in your computer s memory (RAM). On my desktop system, which has 512MB of RAM, KNOPPIX assigned about 3MB to the root (/) partition and 396MB to ramdisk (to provide space in the /var and /home directories, where data is normally stored). So there is only about 100MB left to hold all the running applications. . Performance hits Even with today s faster CD and DVD drives, it s still slower getting data from CDs and DVDs than it is getting them from a local hard disk. Almost every component needed to run KNOPPIX (commands, libraries, and so on) is grabbed from the CD or DVD and decompressed onthe- fly. So it can take a bit longer to run commands with KNOPPIX than it would to run them from hard disk. (Watch the blinking light on your CD or DVD drive to see how often KNOPPIX goes there to get data.) . Uses your CD/DVD drive Because KNOPPIX relies so heavily on data from the CD or DVD, you can t remove it while you are using the system. So, if you have only one drive for removable media, you can t use it to access a music CD, install from another software disk, or burn data while you are using KNOPPIX. Tiny multimedia players such as GeeXboX and MoviX can run totally from memory because they have very limited, specific functions. So you can put in a music CD or video CD or DVD to play content after the bootable Linux is loaded. I must admit that the challenges described here are more of an explanation of how KNOPPIX works than they are problems with KNOPPIX itself. The idea that you can run a full-blown desktop and server operating system from a single CD (with nearly 2GB of available applications) is an awesome concept for someone who still remembers DOS and character terminals. Note Cross- Reference
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332 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution For hardware that can t be detected, there are many boot options you can add to properly identify (or skip over) selected hardware devices. Some of them deal with particularly sticky issues related to video cards and running on laptop computers. (See Tables 11-1 through 11-3.) . Automatic desktop startup Instead of just dropping you to a command line, KNOPPIX does its best to start up a complete KDE desktop environment. Along the way, it adds some nice features, such as desktop icons giving you access to your computer s hard disk partitions. . Configuration tools Some hardware either can t be perfectly detected or requires some extra setup. You can access KNOPPIX-specific configuration tools for configuring your printer, TV card, sound card, network connections, and other features by clicking the desktop icon that looks like a squished penguin. . Save setup You don t have to lose the configuration you have done for KNOPPIX every time you reboot. Click the configuration icon to save your configuration including your personal desktop configuration, files on the desktop, network settings, and graphics setup (X) to floppy disk. . Persistent desktop You also can use the configuration icon to create a persistent KNOPPIX home directory on your hard disk or other medium so that you can store and reuse your desktop setup information and any data you save from session to session. (See the Creating a Persistent Home Directory section later in this chapter for details on setting up a persistent desktop.) . Add swap If you are using KNOPPIX from a computer with Linux installed, it automatically uses a swap partition that is set up there. On DOS and Windows systems, KNOPPIX enables you to create an extra swap area if you have space on an available DOS partition. (The mkdosswapfile command is used for this purpose.) . Work with Windows files KNOPPIX cannot include Microsoft Windows drivers for using Windows file systems (NTFS), but it provides a utility that enables you to install those drivers (providing you have legal rights to use them). The drivers enable you to safely read and write files from your hard disk if you are booting KNOPPIX from a PC with Windows installed. For example, say that you have your entire music collection, images downloaded from your digital camera, and personal Web pages on your hard disk on a computer that was set up to be booted by Microsoft Windows XP. You boot KNOPPIX instead (notice that Microsoft Windows is not running at all). Suddenly your hard disk is just a place that holds a lot of files. You can now use applications that come with KNOPPIX to open the files on your hard disk to play the music, view or manipulate images, and display or change Web pages. A testament to how well KNOPPIX is respected is how many other bootable Linux distributions are based on it. The KNOPPIX project even provides a KNOPPIX-customize package that lets anyone make his own customized KNOPPIX. There are specialized KNOPPIX derivatives that can be used to rescue a broken computer, play a range of multimedia content, or run a specific application.
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Chapter 11 . Running KNOPPIX 331 . Administrative tools A nice set of system and network administration tools that enables you to do some pretty advanced setup, monitoring, and debugging of your computer and network. (The Knoppix-STD distribution is configured specifically as a rescue CD to do almost anything you could imagine to check and fix your computer and network.) . Servers A few of the powerful server projects available for Linux, many of which don t require a lot of disk space: a Web server (Apache), FTP server (FTPd), file server (NFS), Window file/print server (Samba), proxy server (Squid), DNS server (bind9), login server (sshd), and DHCP server (dhcpd). Using KNOPPIX (or any other bootable server Linux systems described in Chapter 18) as a server opens some amazing possibilities for serving the data from a Windows or other operating system to a network, while completely bypassing that operating system on the computer s hard disk. . Programming tools A good set of tools for developing software across a variety of programming environments. KNOPPIX is based on Debian Linux, so a Debian user will be particularly comfortable with the selection and organization of features. KNOPPIX software packages are also done in deb package format, so you can use apt, dpkg, and related tools to list and otherwise manage the packages. Refer to Chapter 9 for information on using apt and dpkg tools for managing software in Debian. Even if you don t install any new software, those tools provide an excellent way to search, list, or even upgrade software packages that are running in KNOPPIX. What s Cool About KNOPPIX The features just described are ones that come with many different Linux distributions. What makes them special with KNOPPIX is that you can often be up and using those features within a few minutes without having to repartition your disk, install software, or do any configuration. For just trying out Linux or using it for some special, quick task you want to do, KNOPPIX is quite awesome. Some features, however, are specific to KNOPPIX (as compared to a Linux system you would run from a hard disk). Many of those special features are there to help you through issues that relate to the fact that you are not working in a permanent setup. In particular, KNOPPIX includes the following: . Extraordinary hardware detection The capability to properly detect and configure hardware is one of the best features. During the boot-up procedure, KNOPPIX finds most common PC hardware components and loads the proper modules so it can use them. Its hwsetup tool relies on the Red Hat libkudzu facility to identify hardware, load appropriate modules, and create necessary device files. Note Note
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330 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Created by Klaus Knopper, KNOPPIX is a bootable Linux that includes a nice selection of open source software. Although it can also be delivered on DVD (as we did with this book) or other bootable media, the distribution is made to fit on a single, bootable CD. KNOPPIX is often considered to be the best bootable Linux available. Looking Inside KNOPPIX KNOPPIX boots right up to a full-featured desktop system complete with hundreds of desktop applications. It includes some powerful server and power user features. In fact, there are so many features, I won t even try to mention them all here, but just take a look at the following list of some of KNOPPIX s major components: If you find that you are missing the NVIDIA graphics driver, Flash plug-in, or Quanta HTML editor you need, don t worry. KNOPPIX includes a KNOPPIX-Live Installer that lets you install selected software features from the network and run them live from KNOPPIX. I ll describe the KNOPPIX-Live Installer later in this chapter. . KDE A full-featured KDE desktop (which runs on the X Window System) that includes tools for configuring the desktop and a bunch of applications tailored for the KDE environment. (See Chapter 3 for descriptions of KDE.) If you prefer the GNOME desktop environment, there are several customized versions of KNOPPIX that include GNOME. Most notable is the Gnoppix (www.gnoppix.org) distribution, which uses GNOME as its default desktop. . OpenOffice.org The OpenOffice.org suite of office productivity tools so that you can create documents, graphics, presentations, spreadsheets, and most anything you expect to be able to do with office applications. With KNOPPIX, I can give a presentation created in OpenOffice.org software anywhere that I have access to a PC. (See Chapter 20 for descriptions of OpenOffice.org productivity applications.) . Internet tools Web browsers (Mozilla browser, Konqueror, and Lynx), e-mail clients (Kmail, Mozilla mail, and mutt), a chat client (XChat IRC), a news reader (KNode), an instant messaging client (Gaim), and many more applications for using the Internet. (See Chapter 21 for descriptions of popular Web browsers and mail clients.) . Multimedia software Applications for playing music (xmms and KsCD), editing music (Audacity and Rosegarden), watching TV (xawtv), playing movies (xine), working with graphics (GIMP and xscanimage), using Webcams (gqcam), and displaying images (KView and Kuickshow). (Chapter 19 covers music and video players.) . Games A few dozen diverting board games, card games, strategy games, and puzzles to play. Try Potato Guy to keep the young ones busy, and Kasteroids for the older kids. (Chapter 22 talks about KDE and other games that you can run with KNOPPIX.) Note Note
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Running KNOPPIX Acomputer s operating system usually resides on the hard disk but it doesn t have to. When a computer boots up, it typically checks first if there is a CD, floppy disk, or DVD in a drive and tries to boot from there (depending on BIOS settings). So, with up to 700MB (CD) or 4.7GB (DVD) of space on those media, why not use them to boot whole operating systems? Well, that s exactly what bootable Linux distributions (also called live CDs) such as KNOPPIX do. In the case of KNOPPIX, one CD holds up to 2GB of compressed software for you to run that uncompresses on-the-fly. Start it up and you can try out all the features of a well-stocked Linux system, without touching the contents of your hard disk. KNOPPIX is included on the DVD that comes with this book. In fact, it is the default option. Insert the DVD into your PC s DVD drive and, when you see the boot screen, press Enter. KNOPPIX should just start up, and you can begin using it as described in this chapter. If you have never used Linux before, KNOPPIX gives you the chance to do so in a very safe way. If you are experienced with Linux, KNOPPIX can be used as a tool to take Linux with you everywhere, troubleshoot a computer, or check if a computer will run Linux. In any case, you can use this chapter to take a little tour of some great Linux features you can try out with KNOPPIX. Understanding KNOPPIX If you are impatient, you don t have to read any further. In most cases, you can just insert your DVD into your PC, reboot the computer, and start using KNOPPIX. However, if you have the time, read on a bit more. On the DVD-ROM 1C H A1P1T E R . . . . In This Chapter Understanding KNOPPIX Starting KNOPPIX Using KNOPPIX . . . .
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328 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Since SUSE was acquired by Novell in 2003, SUSE Linux has become part of a larger, enterprise-ready product line. Boxed sets of SUSE are available in Personal, Professional, and Enterprise versions. Support offerings are available at many different levels. With Novell s worldwide sales and training organization, SUSE Linux has the backing it needs to compete to become the world s most popular commercial Linux system. Because so much work has gone into the YaST installer and administrative interface, even an inexperienced user can be up and running on a newly installed SUSE system within an hour. Afterward, it s easy to begin using a variety of desktop and personal productivity applications from the SUSE desktop. . . .
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Chapter 10 . Running SUSE Linux 327 Starting with SUSE If you created a user account during the preceding installation, SUSE should automatically log you in as that user and present you with the KDE desktop. (If you are presented with a graphical login screen instead, log in as that user now.) Here are a few things to help you get started using SUSE: . Desktop applications The desktop edition of SUSE described here includes a set of easily accessible desktop applications. On the desktop, try the Office icon to open OpenOffice.org to work with documents, spreadsheets, presentations, drawings, Web pages, or a variety of other content types. From the SUSE icon on the panel, select from among dozens of applications to try out. . Support A desktop icon takes you right to the SUSE Linux Portal (provided you have an Internet connection). You can search the support database for keywords relating to SUSE problems or read the FAQs without having an account. Sign up for a support account to get more benefits. Benefits include the capability to make support requests and get automatic patch support. For additional support options, visit support.novell.com/linux. . Network clients A Network Browsing icon on the desktop enables you to immediately begin browsing your LAN for Windows shared files (using Samba and SMB). On the panel, click the Web browser icon to open Mozilla Navigator or the e-mail icon to open Evolution e-mail client. SUSE also includes clients for online chat and Usenet news. . Reconfigure your computer Get to the YaST administration tool by selecting System.YaST from the SUSE menu. You can reconfigure your system hardware and software from the YaST Control Center. If you want to configure your desktop (change backgrounds, screensavers, or themes), use the KDE control center as you would with any KDE desktop. You can launch the control center from the SUSE menu (select Control Center). Summary SUSE is generally considered to be the best choice for enterprise-quality Linux systems, along with Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Its graphical installation and administrative tools (implemented in a facility called YaST) set it apart from other Linux distributions that are geared more toward technical users.
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326 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Although SUSE is now installed, the first time SUSE boots from hard disk you are immediately presented with a screen that asks you to do some basic configuration. With the YaST root password screen in front of you, continue to the next step. 15. Root Password. Enter the root password (twice). Enter up to eight characters. DES is the default encryption type used to protect your password. (You can select Expert Options to choose MD5 or Blowfish instead.) Refer to Chapter 6 for suggestions on choosing a good password. 16. Network Configuration. YaST probes to find any network cards, DSL connections, ISDN adapters, or modems connected to your computer. Select any of those items that appear on the screen, as appropriate, to configure it. After you are done, click Next. SUSE sets up and lets you test your network connections. 17. User Authentication Method. Normally, you will use your home computer in standalone mode, as it relates to user accounts. However, in a business setting, you may use NIS or LDAP to get user account lists that allow access to yours and other computers on your LAN. If the latter is the case, select Network Client and choose either NIS (a common facility used by UNIX systems to share configuration files) or LDAP (a standard directory service, used to share address books and other kinds of information on a network), depending on what your company supports. Then click Next. 18. Add a New Local User. You will want to add at least one user account, as prompted, for your computer. Right now, you only have the root user account set up for use on a standalone machine. Using that account for e-mail, Web browsing, or other common tasks is considered bad security practice. So you should add at least one user account for nonadministrative use of your computer. Add your full name, a short, one-word login name, and a password to protect that account. Then click Next. When you are done, YaST writes the system configuration information to your computer. It then displays the Release Notes for your current version of SUSE. Click Next to continue. 19. Hardware Configuration. You now have the opportunity to configure other hardware devices to use with your system. Select to configure your graphics card, printer, sound card, or TV card. After graphics configuration, you should test your display as prompted. If the settings you choose don t work, select Ctrl+Alt+Backspace to exit and try to configure it again. When you are done configuring hardware, click Accept. The settings are written to hard disk. An Installation Completed screen appears. 20. Finish. Click Finish. The system reboots and is ready for you to log in.
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Chapter 10 . Running SUSE Linux 325 Figure 10-3: Install and remove software using the YaST software module. If you are sharing your hard disk with other operating systems (such as Windows or another version of Linux), consider putting your boot loader on floppy disk. In that way, you can test out the boot loader without actually changing the permanent master boot record on your hard disk. If the boot loader doesn t work, simply remove the floppy disk to reboot the original way. 11. Time zone. Select the time zone in which you re located. 12. Language. Select the default language to use. (You can add support for other languages later, if you like.) 13. Default Runlevel. Normally you d use the default (5) to boot to a full multiuser, networked desktop system with a graphical login screen. The other common default is 3, which provides a text-based login screen but is otherwise the same. (If you choose 3, you can start the GUI after login by typing the startx command.) 14. Start the install. If the Installation settings all look okay, click Accept to begin the install process. Remember that this is your last chance to back out! When the green warning box appears, click No to abort the install process or Yes, Install to start the installation. If you click Yes, SUSE formats your hard disk and installs the selected packages. After installation finishes, SUSE reboots. (You can remove the CD or not, as you choose. SUSE will, by default, boot to hard disk even with the CD in.) Caution
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324 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution 6. Keyboard layout. Select the language/country associated with the keyboard you are using. 7. Mouse. If your mouse was not detected properly, select Mouse and change it to one of the mouse/connection types that appear. SUSE supports USB, serial, PS/2, and bus mouse connections. A variety of two-button, three-button, and wheel mice are supported. 8. Partitioning. Partitioning is very important, especially if you want to protect any data currently on your hard disk. Select Partitioning. SUSE recommends a partitioning scheme. (If your disk is already partitioned, SUSE tries to use that scheme.) You can simply accept that scheme (choose Accept Proposal As-Is and click Next) or elect to create a custom partition setup. The Expert partitioning selection enables you to use a partitioning interface that is very similar to Disk Druid. See the description of partitioning in Chapter 7 for information on partitioning your hard disk. If you ever plan to move your partitions around with a tool such as Partition Magic, you should assign your Linux partition to ext3 file system type. (If you are an expert and want to use the fdisk command described there, press Ctrl+Alt+F2 to get to a shell, run fdisk, and then press Ctrl+Alt+F7 to return to the graphical installer.) 9. Software. Select Software to see a list of packages available to install on your hard disk. Most of the packages in the Personal Edition are desktop-oriented. Package selections fall under these headings: Graphical Base System X Window System, window managers, graphics libraries, and so on. KDE Desktop Environment The KDE desktop and related applications. Help & Support Documentation The SUSE help system and related tools. Office Applications Office productivity tools, including wine for running MS Windows applications. Check boxes indicate which packages you want to install. It s a good idea to look through this list to see what you are getting. If you change any of the selections, click the Check Dependencies box to make sure that all packages other packages depend on are being installed. Figure 10-3 shows the YaST module for adding, removing, and finding out about software packages. The YaST software packages module used during installation is the same one used on a running SUSE system (in Figure 10-3, it s shown on a running SUSE system). In either case, you can find out a lot of information about packages that interest you. With a package selected, click tabs in the box at the bottomright corner of the screen to see its description, technical data (its size, packager, etc.), dependencies, and version numbers. 10. Booting. Select Booting to see the information that is added to your boot loader (GRUB, by default, but you can use the LILO boot loader as well). The boot loader includes the information needed to boot Linux: the location of the boot loader, default operating system to boot, and other information.
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