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Chapter 11 . Running KNOPPIX 343 Hard disk partitions are also represented by icons on your KNOPPIX desktop. Click one of those icons and you can access (read-only) the files on that hard disk partition. This is a great feature for getting the information you need without, by default, letting you change or otherwise damage the data on the computer. To make a disk writable, right-click on the disk icon and select Actions.Change read/write mode. If you are not able to write to the disk, refer to the section on making disks writable later in this chapter. . KDE Panel KNOPPIX loads the KDE Panel with applets and launchers for a few useful applications. Click the K button to display the menu containing most KDE applications for you to select. The Web Browser icon launches the Konqueror browser, which is the KDE file manager as well. . KNOPPIX configuration Click the squished penguin icon in the KDE Panel to see a menu of configuration tools specific to KNOPPIX. This is where you can tune up your TV card, configure printers, get your network connection going, and even start a few servers. I describe some of these subjects in particular, how to save data and configuration information across sessions with this otherwise ethereal operating system later in this chapter. . Launching games, players, and other stuff From the KDE menu, you can launch applications as you would from any desktop operating system. Just to illustrate that, I launched a simple game (Penguin Mastermind) and a music player (XMMS) for Figure 11-1. Running KNOPPIX, at this point, is just like running any other Linux system with a KDE desktop, with one major exception. By default, you can t save any data permanently. There are a few ways around this issue, especially if you expect to use KNOPPIX on a regular basis. Refer to sections on creating persistent desktops and opening disks for writing later in this chapter. Getting on the Network If you have an Ethernet card and a connection to a network that has a DHCP server, your KNOPPIX system should just start up and offer immediate access to that network (and possibly the Internet if it offers such a connection). If not, KNOPPIX offers several tools for configuring your network connection, including: . Dial-up modem From the squished penguin, select Network/Internet. /dev/modem connection setup. The menus that appear help you create a dialup connection to the Internet, or other TCP/IP network, using a serial modem, USB modem, IRDA cellphone/PDA, or Bluetooth cellphone/PDA. . ADSL router From the squished penguin, select Network/Internet.ADSL /PPPOE configuration. It will help you connect your broadband ADSL router to connect to the Internet. . GPRS connection From the squished penguin, select Network/Internet. GPRS connection to set up a connection via your cellphone provider.
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342 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Figure 11-1: KNOPPIX boots to a full KDE desktop that is ready to run. I ve opened a couple of applications to illustrate some things, and the following sections explore what you typically get when KNOPPIX comes. Using the KDE Desktop in KNOPPIX KDE is the default desktop environment that comes with KNOPPIX. You can change that at the boot prompt to use one of several window managers instead, or get a Gnoppix disk instead to use the GNOME environments. But, as delivered, the desktop looks similar to what you see in Figure 11-1. The KNOPPIX version of KDE matches pretty closely the descriptions in Chapter 3, although there are a few items related to the KNOPPIX KDE desktop that are worth noting: . Desktop icons To get information about KNOPPIX, click the KNOPPIX icon (choose a language, and then find links to FAQs, Knopper.Net, and general KNOPPIX information) or the LinuxTag icon (to read the licenses). There is also the requisite Trash icon. . Disk icons Any CD, DVD, floppy, or other removable medium drive is displayed as an icon on the desktop. Of course, this includes the drive holding the KNOPPIX disk, which you can get to directly to do such things as find boot images or KNOPPIX documentation.
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Chapter 11 . Running KNOPPIX 341 Testing the CD If you suspect that you have a bad KNOPPIX CD, I recommend you run this from the boot prompt: knoppix testcd If you are still not able to boot KNOPPIX at this point, it might be that your hardware is either not supported or is broken in some way. To further pursue the problem, I recommend that you check out an appropriate forum at www.knoppix.net. Running KNOPPIX from RAM To improve performance, KNOPPIX offers a way to run the entire KNOPPIX distribution from RAM (provided you have enough available) or install it on hard disk and run it from there. Provided that you have more than 1GB of RAM, you can run KNOPPIX entirely from RAM (so you can remove the KNOPPIX DVD or CD and use that drive while you run KNOPPIX) by typing the following from the boot prompt: knoppix toram Installing KNOPPIX to Hard Disk You can run KNOPPIX entirely from hard disk if your hard disk is either a FAT or EXT2 file system type and contains at least 800MB of space. To do this, you must know the name of the hard disk partition you are installing on. For example, to use the first partition on the first IDE drive you would use /dev/hda1. In that case, to copy KNOPPIX to that disk partition you would type this at the boot prompt: knoppix tohd=/dev/hda1 You can watch as KNOPPIX is copied to your hard disk partition, and then boots automatically from there. The next time you want to boot KNOPPIX, you can boot it from hard disk again by inserting the KNOPPIX medium and typing the following: knoppix fromhd=/dev/hda1 With KNOPPIX running from your hard disk, you can safely eject your CD or DVD and use it for other things (type eject /dev/cdrom). Refer to the knoppix-cheatcodes. txt file for information on other things you can do from the KNOPPIX boot prompt. Using KNOPPIX Rather than go over how to use the features in KNOPPIX that are common to many Linux systems (KDE, Internet tools, word processors, and so on), I ll give you a quick tour of the special features in KNOPPIX. If your computer booted KNOPPIX properly, you should see a screen that is similar to the one shown in Figure 11-1.
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340 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Table 11-3 Boot Options to Fix Video Problems Option Result knoppix noddc No Display Data Channel (DDC) detection of monitor. knoppix screen=?? Pick X screen resolution. Replace ?? with 640 480, 800 600, 1024 768, 1280 1024, or any other resolution supported by your video card. knoppix xvrefresh=60 Set vertical refresh rate to 60 Hz for X (or other value as specified by monitor s manual). knoppix xhrefresh=80 Set horizontal refresh rate to 80 Hz for X (or other value as specified by monitor s manual). knoppix xserver=?? Replace ?? with X-Server: XFree86 or XF86_SVGA. knoppix xmodule=?? Select the specific driver to use for your video card. Replace ?? with one of the following: ati, fbdev, i810, mga, nv, radeon, savage, s3radeon, svga, or i810. knoppix 2 Runlevel 2, Textmode only. knoppix vga=normal No-framebuffer mode, but X. knoppix fb1280×1024 Use fixed framebuffer graphics (1). knoppix fb1024×768 Use fixed framebuffer graphics (2). knoppix fb800×600 Use fixed framebuffer graphics (3). Customize KNOPPIX Several boot options exist that tell KNOPPIX to look for a customized home directory or configuration information on hard disk or floppy. See the Customize KNOPPIX section later in this chapter for information on how to both customize KNOPPIX and tell KNOPPIX where to look for customized information at boot time. (Unless they were created from KNOPPIX, most other Linux distributions will not use these boot options.) Special Features and Workarounds Other boot options are described in the knoppix-cheatcodes.txt file mentioned earlier. Things you can do with boot options include changing the splash screen when KNOPPIX boots, running in expert mode so you can load your own drivers, selecting to run either a 2.4 or 2.6 kernel, testing your computer s RAM, and trying to overcome special problems with laptop computers.
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Chapter 11 . Running KNOPPIX 339 If there is hardware being improperly detected or configured, you can have KNOPPIX skip over that hardware. Table 11-2 contains options for skipping or turning off various hardware features: Table 11-2 Boot Options to Turn Off Hardware Option Result knoppix atapicd No SCSI-Emulation for IDE CD-ROMs. knoppix noagp No detection of AGP graphics card. knoppix noapic Disable Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller (can overcome some problems on SMP computers). knoppix acpi=off Disable Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI). knoppix noapm No Advanced Power Management support. (With a working acpi, apm will be off by default. Only one can be active at a time.) knoppix noaudio No sound support. knoppix nodhcp Don t try to start your network connection automatically via DHCP. knoppix fstab Don t read the fstab file to find file systems to mount or check. knoppix firewire No detection of Firewire devices. knoppix nopcmcia No detection of PCMCIA card slots. knoppix noscsi No detection of SCSI devices. knoppix noswap No detection of swap partitions. knoppix nousb No detection of USB devices. knoppix pnpbios=off Don t initialize plug-and-play (PnP) in the BIOS. knoppix failsafe Do almost no hardware detection. Table 11-3 lists options that may help if you are having trouble with your video card. Several of these options are particularly useful if you are having trouble with X on a laptop.
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338 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Some boot options are available with which you can try to overcome different issues at boot time. KNOPPIX refers to these options as cheat codes. For a more complete list, refer to the file knoppix-cheatcodes.txt, which you ll find in the KNOPPIX directory when you mount the CD or the DVD that comes with this book on any operating system. Many boot options can be used with different Linux systems. So if you are having trouble installing or booting a different Linux distribution, you can try any of these options to see if they work. Instead of the word knoppix, you will probably use a different word to launch the install or boot process for other distributions (such as linux for Red Hat Linux systems or morphix for Morphix Live-CD, depending on the distribution). When KNOPPIX first begins the boot process, you see the boot screen, with the boot: prompt at the bottom. The following tables provide boot prompt options that can help you get KNOPPIX running the way you like. Table 11-1 shows options to use when you want specific features turned on that may not be turned on by default when you boot. Table 11-1 Boot Options to Select Features Option Feature knoppix lang=?? Choose a specific language/keyboard. Replace ?? with one of the following: cn, de, da, es, fr, it, nl, pl, ru, sk, tr, tw, or us. knoppix desktop=?? Instead of using the KDE desktop (kde), replace ?? with one of the following window managers: fluxbox, icewm, larswm, twm, wmaker, or xfce. knoppix blind Start BrailleTerminal (running without X). knoppix brltty=type,port,table Add parameters to use for the Braille device. knoppix wheelmouse For a wheel mouse, enable IMPS/2 protocol. knoppix nowheelmouse For a regular PS/2 mouse, force PS/2 protocol. knoppix keyboard=us xkeyboard=us Assign different keyboard drivers to use with text (shell) and graphical (X). knoppix dma Turn on DMA acceleration for all IDE drives. knoppix alsa Select either of these two notations to select knoppix alsa=es1938 to use the ALSA driver (do at your own risk). Note
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Chapter 11 . Running KNOPPIX 337 Booting KNOPPIX If you have a PC in front of you that meets the requirements, you can get started by following these steps: 1. Insert your KNOPPIX DVD or CD into the appropriate drive. 2. Reboot the computer. After a few moments, you will see the boot screen. Although the boot screens look different for the Linux Bible DVD and a regular KNOPPIX CD, you can proceed with the boot process the same way. 3. Press Enter. If all goes well, you should see the KNOPPIX desktop, and you can proceed to the Using KNOPPIX section. If KNOPPIX doesn t boot up properly or if you want to tune it further before it boots, continue on to the next section. Correcting Boot Problems By understanding a bit about the boot process you will, in most cases, be able to overcome any problems you might have installing KNOPPIX. Here are some things you should know: . Check boot order Your computer s BIOS has a particular order in which it looks for bootable operating systems. A typical order would be floppy, CD or DVD, and hard disk. If your computer skips over the KNOPPIX boot disk and boots right from hard disk, make sure that the boot order in the BIOS is set to boot from CD or DVD. To change the BIOS, restart the computer and as it first boots the hardware enter Setup (quickly) as instructed (usually by pressing F1, F2, or DEL). Look for a selection to change the boot order so that your CD or DVD boots before the hard disk. . Make boot floppies If your computer still can t boot from CD or DVD, you can create two floppy boot disks to start the boot process. To create the floppy boot disks from a running KNOPPIX system, run the mkbootfloppy command that is on the KNOPPIX disk (it automatically finds the floppy images and tells you when to put in the floppy disks). To create KNOPPIX floppy disks on other operating systems, refer to the KNOPPIX Boot Floppy How To (www.knoppix.net/docs/index.php/BootFloppyHowTo). . Add boot options Instead of just letting the boot process autodetect and configure everything about your hardware, you can add options to the boot prompt that will override what KNOPPIX autoconfiguration might do. Press F2 from the boot prompt to see additional boot options. Note
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336 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Starting KNOPPIX It s supposed to be easy to start KNOPPIX. With KNOPPIX in hand, all you really need is a PC that meets the minimum specifications. Getting a Computer If you are ready to start KNOPPIX, there are a few things I recommend. . A PC You need a PC that meets the minimal processor and memory requirements I describe a bit later. There are no hard disk space requirements since you don t need to touch the hard disk. However, to get better performance on low-RAM systems, you might want to create a swap partition on hard disk to enable you to run more processes (as described later). . Permission to reboot KNOPPIX is going to take over operation of the PC, so you need to be sure that it s okay to reboot it. Make sure that nobody else is currently using the computer or relying on it to be accessible over a network. . Internet connection (optional) It isn t necessary, but if your computer has an Ethernet card and a connection to the Internet, you can immediately start using KNOPPIX to browse the Web and otherwise take advantage of its communications tools. KNOPPIX will try to detect a DHCP server (to get an IP address and other information) and automatically configure itself to use the Internet or other network that is available. The system requirements for running KNOPPIX are much lower than you need for most of the latest Linux systems. According to Klaus Knopper, you need: . CPU Intel-compatible i486 or better. . RAM 20MB (for text mode), 82MB (for graphics mode with KDE), or 128MB (to also run most office applications). . Bootable Drive (DVD drive to use the DVD or CD to use a CD) KNOPPIX is able to boot from drives that are IDE/ATAPI, Firewire, USB, or SCSI (provided that your computer can boot from those devices). Otherwise, you can create a boot floppy to start the process of booting KNOPPIX (described later). If you have a DVD drive, you can boot KNOPPIX directly from the DVD that comes with this book. . Graphics card Must be SVGA-compatible. . Mouse Supports any standard serial mouse, PS/2 mouse, or IMPS/ 2-compatible USB mouse.
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Chapter 11 . Running KNOPPIX 335 . Your own, portable operating system You don t have to carry around a laptop or whole PC to make sure you have the software you need. Instead, you can use any PC that is available (with the exception of some unsupported hardware) and boot your whole computing environment with a single CD or floppy. By customizing your own KNOPPIX, you can add your own data and pick and choose applications as well. . A tool for managing data on any PC You can bypass the operating system and other software on any computer and use the applications on your KNOPPIX disk to manage the data on that computer. Of course, these concepts are not exclusive to KNOPPIX because you could conceptually do the same thing with any boot floppy since the days of DOS (as well as any other bootable Linux). The difference is that KNOPPIX does those things so well. It lets you take over a computer, not just with a tiny rescue disk capable of running a few obtuse commands, but with at full-scale desktop, server, and administrative tool kit operating system. With that in mind, here are some ways people are using KNOPPIX: . Showing off Linux A demo can lack some punch when you have to spend an hour installing before you can make your point. With KNOPPIX, it can take about five minutes from the time you tell your friend about Linux to the time you have a complete desktop system running on his PC. And in the process, you don t have to worry about harming anything on his computer because you don t even need to touch his hard disk. . Testing a computer for Linux Instead of getting halfway through an install to see if your PC is capable of running Linux, you can boot KNOPPIX. If it works, you can check to see what drivers were loaded to deal with your hardware (type lsmod from a shell) and then go ahead and install any Linux you like to the hard disk. . Rescuing a computer or network Many tools for tracking down and fixing problems on both Linux and Windows systems are included in KNOPPIX. There is also a Knoppix-STD edition that includes dozens more tools for rescuing broken systems and tracing network problems (see www.knoppix-std.org). . Taking over a broken server If a Web server, file server, or firewall has been hacked or otherwise broken, you might be able to use KNOPPIX to safely server the data from a KNOPPIX boot disk while you fix the problem. . Doing anything you want For those of us who have gotten used to using Linux, it s a pain to go somewhere and have to do work or make a presentation on a computer that doesn t have the tools you need. By bringing the whole operating system, all your software tools and sometimes even your data (with a customized CD, separate floppy, or downloaded files), your computing environment can be the same wherever you go. Now that you have some idea of what to do with KNOPPIX, let s get started.
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334 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Seeing Where KNOPPIX Comes From KNOPPIX was created by Klaus Knopper in Germany. Knopper follows in the great tradition of naming a distribution using a part of the creator s own name with ix or ux stuck on the end. While a groundswell of interest and support has appeared for KNOPPIX in the past year or so, Knopper himself thinks of KNOPPIX more as a collection of tools he needs than as a full Linux distribution. Knopper works to provide only software that can be distributed freely, for both noncommercial and commercial use. So he doesn t even include some free software (such as browser plug-ins) that might restrict free redistribution, although he doesn t object to including non open source software that can still be freely distributed. There is no big company behind KNOPPIX, and development efforts continue to be headed up by Knopper himself. There are, however, many people who contribute bug reports and enhancements requests (see www.knoppix.net/bugs), and there are other developers who have helped create software specifically for KNOPPIX (in particular, Fabian Franz who, among other things, has contributed significant work to KNOPPIX installer-related features). The only official KNOPPIX Web site is Knopper s own personal site: www.knopper. net/knoppix. The closest thing to an official community is a mailing list (mailman. linuxtag.org/mailman/listinfo/debian-knoppix) set up at LinuxTag.org with Knopper s blessing. LinuxTag hosts the LinuxTag Conference and Expo, which is a leading Linux and free software conference in Europe. For the 2004 conference, LinuxTag produced a special edition of KNOPPIX on DVD that held more than 5GB of software. If you are looking for a way to get information and become involved with others who use and develop the system, the Knoppix.net site offers a very active forum and links to information about other KNOPPIX resources. It s a great place not only to get your questions answered, but also to find a wealth of links to FAQs, HOWTOs, and related projects. There is also an IRC channel (#knoppix on irc.freenode.net) and a Wiki used primarily to gather documentation (www.knoppix.net/docs/). If you are considering creating your own customized distribution, tools for that purpose are currently under development and may be included with versions of KNOPPIX by the time you read this text. In the meantime, you can check out some remaster tools at http://debian.tu-bs.de/knoppix/remaster/. You can find out about versions that have already been created from the KNOPPIX Customizations page: www.knoppix.net/docs/index.php/KnoppixCustomizations. Exploring Uses for KNOPPIX Because there is so much you can do with KNOPPIX, it s hard to narrow my mind enough to give a few specific examples. So, let s start with a few concepts to help think about what you can do with KNOPPIX:
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