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354 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Installing Yellow Dog Linux Before you can install Yellow Dog Linux, you need to get a copy of it from some of the many resources available. The first and most recommended avenue is to purchase it from the vendor. This has the dual effect of your acquiring the distribution from the source as well as supporting the company that creates Yellow Dog Linux so it can continue development for the PowerPC platform. To purchase Yellow Dog Linux from Terra Soft Solutions, visit the Terra Soft Solutions Web store at http://terrasoftsolutions.com/store/. When purchasing from Terra Soft Solutions, you receive the following in a box set: . Four install CDs and four source CDs. . Getting Started with Yellow Dog Linux, a book that covers all the information a beginning Linux user would need to know to get a fully operational Yellow Dog Linux system running. . Optional 60 days of installation support (you can purchase the box set with or without support, depending on your needs and skill level with Linux). . Other goodies (sticker, flexible flier depending on package purchased). . The knowledge that you are supporting the company that created the product, allowing further development. Alternatives to purchasing the Yellow Dog Linux box set include: . Purchasing a subscription to YDL.net. This is Terra Soft Solutions online resource for Yellow Dog Linux users. You can get e-mail accounts and Web space as well as prerelease access to the latest version of Yellow Dog Linux before it is available for general release. The costs vary depending on which version you choose. More information is available at http://www.ydl.net/. . Downloading and creating your own ISO. You can download the distribution from one of the many Linux mirrors as identified at http://yellowdoglinux. com/resources/ftp_mirrors.shtml and burn your own ISO. . Purchasing online. If you have a slow Internet connection and want to try Yellow Dog, you can purchase burned CDs from various Linux stores on the Internet. Use your favorite search engine to locate one near you. Hardware Support Hardware support with the Linux operating system was a major issue in the past, but as Linux s popularity has grown, many device makers have provided access to their hardware drivers or in some cases have created hardware drives for Linux. While this is still an issue with hardware that is brand new in the X86 community,
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Chapter 12 . Running Yellow Dog Linux 353 Digging into Yellow Dog Yellow Dog Linux offers a Fedora Core 2, RPM-based distribution that is highly compatible with most available open source software. By basing the Yellow Dog distribution on a widely deployed and used X86 distribution such as Red Hat s Fedora Core, Terra Soft Solutions has been able to quickly deploy a very uniform, user-friendly experience for its user base. This section takes a look at some of the highlights of the Yellow Dog distribution. Yellow Dog Linux 4.0 offers four full CDs of software with some of the following applications: . 2.6.7 Linux Kernel . X.org 6.6 . KDE 3.3 desktop (unified with GNOME to provide easy access to other desktop environments programs) . GNOME 2.6.0 desktop (unified with KDE to provide easy access to other desktop environments programs) . OpenOffice 1.1.1 (suite of productivity tools including a spreadsheet program, drawing program, presentation software, and a full-featured, Microsoft Wordcompatible word processor) . More than 1,300 other application packages from programming tools to Web browsers. The wide range of applications included on the Yellow Dog CDs is enough to keep even the most computer-savvy person happy, but many more choices are available on the Internet, so you should be able to find an application that fits your needs. Fedora Core is the community-supported version of what was previously the ubiquitous Red Hat Linux distribution. As a derivative of Fedora Core, Yellow Dog Linux can offer the advantages of Fedora features on a MAC platform, including: . Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) software. Starting with software packages from the Fedora project helps Yellow Dog Linux avoid compatibility problems suffered by some Linux distributions. Users can also rely on well-known RPM packaging tools for adding, removing, and managing software. . Anaconda installer. Yellow Dog takes advantage of the well-tested Anaconda installer for easy installation. . Kudzu hardware detection. By starting with the Fedora Core kudzu facility for detecting and configuring hardware, Yellow Dog has a stable foundation for probing equipment that has been extended to work with Mac hardware. Refer to Chapter 8 for more information on the Fedora Core project and some of the specifics regarding its implementation. Cross- Reference
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352 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution While some of the more popular open source programs are available for Mac OS X, they may require a port of the software, as opposed to a recompile. Porting applications is a more complicated process and can be very frustrating for many users. Porting is outside the sphere of this book. . Extended hardware life Linux is well known for its low operation requirements. You can use Yellow Dog Linux on machines that aren t necessarily supported by the latest Mac OS X version and still run the latest Linux applications. . Uniformity Linux is widely deployed, especially for back-office functions. By using Yellow Dog Linux (often referred to as YDL), you can mix PowerPC hardware with Intel hardware in the same production environment, with application and operating system uniformity, reducing costs associated with the support of two different operating systems. Because Linux is open source and widely available, you also reduce your dependence on one entity for your operating systems. . Security Yellow Dog Linux has the support of thousands of programmers who constantly develop patches and updates for software, as opposed to depending on a commercial entity to release patches. . Ease of administration/use Linux (and particularly Fedora Core, on which Yellow Dog Linux is based) is so widely deployed, with more installations occurring every day, that it s understood and managed by a large user/administrator group. Using a standard interface, it s often easier for system administrators and users to complete tasks on a familiar system. . Mac-on-Linux Mac-on-Linux software enables you to run Mac OS X (10.1-10.3.3), Mac OS 7.5.2-9.2.2, or another instance of Linux within your active Yellow Dog Linux session, so you get the best of both worlds. A few different versions of Yellow Dog Linux are available that cover a wide spectrum of current and legacy PowerPC hardware: . Yellow Dog Linux 4.0 Terra Soft Solutions has released version 4.0, which is aimed at the desktop users who have hardware starting from G3 Blue and White (300 450 MHz) all the way to the dual G5 Power Mac Towers. This is the 32-bit version of its distribution. . Yellow Dog Linux 3.0.1 The prior version (October 1, 2004, and before) of Yellow Dog, which supports the beige G3 hardware (66 MHz) and below product line (Old World ROM) as well as most of the same hardware that Yellow Dog Linux 4.0 supports. . Y-HPC A planned variation of Yellow Dog based on the 64-bit Fedora Core version of Linux. This version is for high-performance computing and promises to offer high-performance support for Xserve G5s or cluster nodes. This is currently not available as a standalone product, but Terra Soft Solutions will preload it on hardware purchased through the company. Note
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Running Yellow Dog Linux Yellow Dog Linux is the premier Linux distribution for the PowerPC platform. Offered by Terra Soft Solutions (www.terrasoftsolutions.com), Yellow Dog Linux provides unparalleled concentration on the needs of the PowerPC users. Because most Linux distributions focus on the Intel/AMD (x86) platform, it s sometimes startling to realize that there s a major Linux distribution, with a passionate community of its own, providing a strong presence in the world of PowerPCs. Yellow Dog Linux is not included on the Linux Bible DVD that comes with this book. You can purchase it from Terra Soft Solutions (www.terrasoftsolutions.com/store) or download the four-CD installation set from a Yellow Dog Linux mirror site (for a list of mirror sites, see: http:// yellowdoglinux.com/resources/ftp_mirrors. shtml). See Appendix A for information on burning CDs. Terra Soft Solutions has focused its efforts on making Yellow Dog Linux work for a wide range of Apple products, resulting in less chance of hardware incompatibilities. This is one of the distribution s strengths. Another heartening note is that Terra Soft Solutions is an Apple Authorized OEM Value Added Reseller with permission from Apple to install Linux on Apple hardware, retaining any hardware warranties provided by Apple. Mac OS X, in the form of Aqua, is considered one of the most advanced graphical user interfaces on the market today. With a sophisticated interface available on the Apple platform, a user might question putting Linux on Apple hardware, but there are many valid reasons to install Linux on the PowerPC architecture, including: . Cost of applications Commercial applications usually have a higher price of ownership than their open source counterparts for similar functionality. For instance, the latest word processor on the Mac OS X platform can cost hundreds of dollars, whereas the open source alternatives are generally free. The free software available for Linux far exceeds that available for the Mac OS X platform. On the DVD-ROM 1C H A2P2T E R . . . . In This Chapter Digging into Yellow Dog Linux Installing Yellow Dog Linux Running Mac-on-Linux . . . .
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Chapter 11 . Running KNOPPIX 349 4. At the boot prompt, type one of the following command lines, which are different ways to load your configuration files: boot: knoppix floppyconfig boot: knoppix myconf=/dev/hda1 boot: knoppix myconf=/dev/sda1 boot: knoppix myconf=scan These KNOPPIX boot commands, respectively, get configuration information from the floppy disk, look for that information on the first IDE drive partition (/dev/hda1), look for it on the first SCSI drive partition (/dev/sda1), or scan all available drives to find the information. To boot to a persistent desktop (assuming you set one up earlier), you could instead type: boot: knoppix home=/dev/hda1/knoppix.img boot: knoppix home=/dev/sda1/knoppix.img boot: knoppix home=scan The previous boot commands, respectively, assign the KNOPPIX home directory (/home/knoppix) to the /dev/hda1/knoppix.img file, to the /dev/sda1/ knoppix.img file, or to the image file found by scanning all available directories for that file. You could also combine one from each of the two preceding command sets to both read your configuration files and assign a persistent desktop, as follows: boot: knoppix floppyconfig home=/dev/hda1/knoppix.img Now you are ready to continue your KNOPPIX session where you left off last time, with the same configuration and data files available. Summary KNOPPIX offers what many feel is the best bootable Linux today. It gives you a fully configured Linux desktop system available virtually anywhere you can find a bootable PC. Besides its desktop features, KNOPPIX contains software needed to use many server, programming, and troubleshooting features of Linux as well. Despite the fact that KNOPPIX runs as a bootable system in RAM, by default, there are ways to configure it to save data and configuration information across multiple boot sessions. KNOPPIX is particularly valuable as a tool for accessing a damaged computer so that you can troubleshoot it. With a KNOPPIX disk booted on a computer that was installed to use Microsoft Windows or other operating system, you can use KNOPPIX to access and work with data on that computer s hard disk. . . .
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348 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Keeping Your KNOPPIX Configuration After you have gone through all the work to configure your desktop, printer, network, disks, and other preferences for your KNOPPIX setup, it s a shame to lose all that on your next reboot. Well, KNOPPIX offers a way that you can save your configuration information and reuse if for your next session. That saved information can be stored on a floppy disk or any other medium that is accessible (such as your hard disk) the next time you reboot KNOPPIX. Here s how: 1. From the squished penguin icon on the panel, click Configure.Save KNOPPIX configuration. 2. Choose the configuration files to save. You can choose to save your personal configuration (from /home/knoppix .kde and .mozilla directories), files on the desktop, your network configuration, X configuration, and other system configuration files (from /etc). 3. Choose to save your configuration files to your floppy disk or to any available disk partition that is writable. Choosing floppy can make the configuration portable, whereas using the hard disk makes the configuration easily reusable on the same machine. 4. If you are saving to floppy, insert the floppy and click OK. The data will be saved to floppy disk. The results from this action are that the knoppix.sh and configs.tbz files are created on floppy disk. The configs.tbz file contains all the saved configuration files from your /home and /etc directories. The knoppix.sh file is a script that tells KNOPPIX how to install those files when KNOPPIX boots up. The next time you start KNOPPIX, you can use the configuration files, as described in the next section. Those who create their own customized KNOPPIX boot disks can simply add their knoppix.sh and config.tbz files to the top-level directory of the CD, so KNOPPIX will just boot to their personalized configuration without worrying about an extra floppy or other medium. Restarting KNOPPIX You can start KNOPPIX anytime by just inserting your KNOPPIX CD or DVD and restarting your computer. However, if you want to take advantage of the persistent desktop you set up or the saved configuration information, you need to add some options to the KNOPPIX boot prompt. Here s how: 1. Insert your KNOPPIX CD or DVD into the computer and reboot. You should see the KNOPPIX boot prompt. 2. Press F3 (before KNOPPIX boots) to see if there are any additional boot options that are required. 3. If you have a configuration floppy boot disk (or other removable media created in an earlier procedure), insert that disk now. Note
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Chapter 11 . Running KNOPPIX 347 Now you should be able to access the NTFS partition from the /mnt/captive- LABEL_C directory. Creating a Persistent Home Directory If you are going to use the computer more than once with KNOPPIX (or if you just want more storage space for files than your computer has available in RAM) you can assign your KNOPPIX home directory (/home/knoppix) to use some of the available space on your hard drive. That can be done by either: . Assigning an entire partition to be used for your home directory. . Assigning a part of that partition for your home directory, in the form of an image file. You can also put your persistent home directory on rewritable, removable media, such as a memory stick. Once you create that area to use as your home directory, you can tell KNOPPIX to use it every time you restart KNOPPIX. Here s what you do: 1. Click the squished penguin in the panel, and then select Configure.Create a Persistent KNOPPIX Home Directory. A window appears, asking if you are ready to create a persistent home directory. 2. Click Yes to continue. You are asked which partition you want to use for your persistent home directory. 3. Select the partition you want from the list and click OK. You are asked if you want to use the entire partition and format it as a Linux file system or just create an image. 4. Don t click Yes unless you are prepared to erase an entire partition! Click No (the safer route) to just add an image file on a directory where you have space. If you are creating the image file, you are asked how big to make it. 5. Type the number of megabytes to assign to your home directory. Be sure that that much space is available on the partition. (When the partition is mounted later, you can type df -h to see how much space is available on it.) You are asked if you want to save the home directory in an encrypted format. 6. Select No, to not have the directory selected as encrypted (if you choose Yes, you ll have to specify a long password that you will need to access the persistent home directory at boot time). The partition or image file should be created now. When I ran this procedure to create a 100MB image on the hda5 partition, it created the file /mnt/hda5/knoppix.img, which had 97MB of available space. To see how to use that directory, see the Restarting KNOPPIX section later in this chapter.
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346 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution At this point you can open the folder to the partition (hda2 in our example) or open a shell and write to that directory (/mnt/hda2 and any subdirectories). To make that change permanent (in the KNOPPIX sense), you need to change the /etc/fstab to add rw to the entry for the partition so it is mounted read/write by default. Again, with the example of /dev/hda2, an entry in /etc/fstab to mount that partition read/write could look as follows: /dev/hda2 /mnt/hda2 ext3 noauto,users,exec,rw 0 0 With that change, simply typing mount /dev/hda2 mounts the directory with read/write permissions. You can save that change permanently, as described in the Keeping Your KNOPPIX Configuration section later in this chapter. Mounting Windows Partitions for Writing Getting your Windows partitions mounted for writing is a bit tougher. Although using FAT and VFAT file systems works pretty much the same as described for Linux partitions (provided they are properly detected and configured in /etc/fstab), the drivers for using NTFS file systems (the current default for Windows) are unreliable for writing. If you have legal Windows drivers on your hard disk (which you should if you are booting KNOPPIX from an otherwise-Windows machine), KNOPPIX provides a reliable way to set up your NTFS partitions to be read/write accessible from KNOPPIX. Here s how: You must make sure that you have the legal right to use Microsoft NTFS-related drivers to use this procedure. 1. Click the squished penguin logo in the panel, and then select Utilities. Captive NTFS. The Captive Microsoft Windows Drivers Acquire window appears. 2. Click Forward. The Local Disks Drivers Scan window appears, ready to look for the drivers KNOPPIX needs to access the NTFS partitions for writing. 3. Click Forward to look for the drivers. If the drivers are found, you can continue. If not, it asks for a location on the network where it can get the drivers. If that is not available, it offers the opportunity to get the Microsoft Windows XP Service Pack, if you are legally allowed to get that. 4. Once the necessary drivers are installed, you can mount the NTFS partition using the mount command with the captive-ntfs file system type. For example, if your NTFS partition is on hda1, you could type the following (as root user): # umount /dev/hda1 # mkdir /mnt/captive-LABEL_C # mount -t captive-ntfs /dev/hda1 /mnt/captive-Label_C Caution
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Chapter 11 . Running KNOPPIX 345 The following sections give you some ideas about how to save what you do in your KNOPPIX session to use in future sessions. Writing to Hard Disk Although hard disk partitions are mounted read-only by default, you can make them read/write if you like. Then you can store any data you want to save on those partitions. (You can simply drag and drop files to those partitions.) If your hard disk partitions are Linux partitions, it s pretty easy to do this. With older Windows systems that use VFAT partitions, it s not too hard either. With NTFS partitions, things get a bit trickier: Up to this point, there s not much risk of damaging any data on your hard disk. Once you make your disks writable, you have the potential for deleting or changing that data. Keep that in mind if the computer doesn t belong to you of if you are not used to using Linux. Regardless of which user you are logged in as, KNOPPIX does not prevent you from changing any file in a writable hard disk partition. Mounting Linux Partitions for Writing KNOPPIX usually identifies all hard disk partitions and adds entries for each one in your /etc/fstab file. If you click the icon representing that partition, the partition is automatically mounted and a folder opens to the root of that directory. The name of each partition (hda1, hda2, and so forth for IDE partitions; sda1, sda2, and so on for SCSI disk partitions) is shown on the desktop icon. With that information, here is how you can make any of those partitions writable: 1. Click the hard disk partition you want to write to on the KNOPPIX desktop. A folder opens, displaying the top directory in that partition. 2. When you know which partition you want to write to, close all folders or shells that have that partition open. (With the partition open, you can t remount it.) 3. Open a Terminal from the panel and become root user by typing $ cd $ su - # 4. Make sure that the partition you want to mount as writable is unmounted. For example, to unmount the second IDE hard disk partition (hda2), type # umount /dev/hda2 If the command completes quietly or if it says not mounted, you are fine. If it says device is busy, there is still a shell or folder window that is holding that partition open. Before you can continue, you must close whatever is holding the partition open and make sure the umount completes. 5. Next, you need to mount the partition so it is writable. Here s how: # mount -orw /dev/hda2 Caution
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344 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution . Network card From the squished penguin, select Network/Internet.Network card to configure your Ethernet card (assuming you don t just want to use DHCP to get your network address). . ISDN From the squished penguin, select Network/Internet.ISDN to use ISDN to connect to the network. . Wireless Card From the squished penguin, select Network/Internet.Wavelan to use a wireless Ethernet card to connect to the network. In addition to the interfaces available here, you can use the wvdialconf command to create your dial-out connection as described in Chapter 5. Installing Software in KNOPPIX Despite the fact that KNOPPIX includes a wide range of software applications, there may be some special software package you want to use with it that isn t included. KNOPPIX has a feature for installing software while you are running from the CD that is called the KNOPPIX-Live Installer. To use the KNOPPIX-Live Installer, click the squished penguin on the KNOPPIX panel and select Utilities.Install software. After being warned that this is still experimental software, a list of software that you can install with KNOPPIX-Live Installer appears. The list includes software that can t be freely distributed, such as Flash plug-ins for your browser or NVIDIA drivers for your video cards. Select the software package you want to install. KNOPPIX will try to use the Debian installer to download the selected packages and install them on your computer. Remember that the software is being installed in the version of KNOPPIX that is running in RAM. So, the software will disappear the next time you reboot, unless you do something to preserve your data (such as creating a persistent desktop before you install the software you want to keep). Saving Files in KNOPPIX When you reboot your computer with KNOPPIX, you not only lose KNOPPIX itself, but you lose any data and configuration information you may have created along the way. That s because, by default, KNOPPIX runs from your system s RAM and a nonwritable CD or DVD. Using tools and procedures that come with KNOPPIX, there are ways in which you can keep that information going forward. KNOPPIX happily gives you a login name (knoppix) and a home directory (/home/ knoppix), each time you boot from KNOPPIX. You can save files to that directory, as well as change your desktop and system configuration information (which is stored in that directory and in /etc files). The problem is that those directories are in RAM, so they disappear when you reboot.
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