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Chapter 9 . Running Debian GNU/Linux 303 Stage 2 The second stage boots from the newly installed packages and completes the configuration. 1. Your computer should reset on its own, and boot to the GRUB menu. GRUB should have already highlighted the default entry for Debian, so hit Enter and give the system a few moments to boot. 2. You are asked whether your system clock is set to GMT. Select Yes only if your computer will not be running any other operating systems. Then select your time zone from a list. 3. The base system includes an empty password for the root (superuser) account, which means that you want to set one here. Select a password that you will remember, but that others will not be able to easily guess. 4. Add a nonadministrative account that you can use for your day-to-day tasks on the server. Enter your name, your desired username (this should not contain any spaces or punctuation other than dashes, must not start with a number, and is generally all in lowercase), and a password for this account. 5. Select the installation medium that you want to use to install the remainder of the system. Insert your installation CD in the drive, select cdrom from the list, and press Enter. It takes a few moments to retrieve the list of packages available on the CD. 6. If you have more Debian CDs, you can have the installer check them for available packages as well. 7. You have the option of adding another APT source. If you have an Internet connection and want to do more than a minimal install or have the installer check for updated packages, choose either the HTTP or FTP methods (HTTP is recommended), and then select a country and a mirror server from the list. You are prompted for any HTTP proxy configuration, which may be necessary on some corporate or school networks. If you aren t sure, check with your support desk. If it does not apply, just leave it empty. APT retrieves a list of packages from the site that you selected. 8. The installer attempts to retrieve a list of security updates from the Debian security archive. 9. You are presented with a list of predefined package sets (known as tasks ) that you can select for installation. Package installation is covered in greater detail later, so it s recommended that you do not select any tasks from this list now. 10. APT downloads any updated packages, and debconf prompts you to configure any packages that are in the half-installed state.
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302 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Selecting a Partition Scheme The guided partitioning feature allows you to select one of three templates to use to create your partitions. Use these guidelines to select the template that is correct for you. . All files in one partition. Makes a single Linux partition for files. This is the easiest option to manage because you don t have to worry about balancing the sizes of your partitions. This can also be dangerous because users have the capability to fill up the entire disk, which can cause problems for the operating system. Do not use this option unless you are prepared to monitor disk space carefully. . Desktop machine. Gives the operating system its own space and gives home directories their own space. This option is a good trade-off between the convenience of a single partition and the increased safety of the multiuser scheme. However, the /tmp/ directory is still part of the operating system partition, meaning that it is still fairly easy for people who habitually use that directory to fill up the operating system partition. . Multi-user system. Creates separate partitions for the root file system, /usr/, /var/, /tmp/, and /home/. Use only this option when running a server on your system. It may also be a good choice for systems that will be used by more than just you, your relatives, and your close friends. The trade-off is that you may run out of room on a given partition even though the others have plenty of space, which means that you will need to plan carefully. In some situations, you may need to adjust the partition sizes selected by the multiuser partitioning scheme to put more room where you are likely to need it: . If you are planning to compile a lot of large software packages, you ll need to have plenty of space in the /usr/ partition. . Active servers (especially Web and mail servers) may need extra room in /var/ for log files. Mail servers also use this space for the mail queue, and the default mail system also stores incoming mail here (you may also want to consider making /var/mail/ a separate partition in these cases). . Web browsers such as Mozilla use /tmp/ for storing files while they are downloaded. This file system must be big enough to hold any large files that you want to download through there, plus any other files that may be there at the same time. Note that with the multiuser partitioning scheme, the /home/ partition generally ends up receiving most of the space on larger disks. This usually makes it a good place to borrow space from when you want to make other partitions larger. However, because partman has already mapped out the partitions, you actually need to delete /home/ and then readd it after you increase the size of the other partition. If there are other partitions between /home/ and the one that you are increasing in size, you also need to delete them, and then add them back in an appropriate order.
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Chapter 9 . Running Debian GNU/Linux 301 See Chapter 7 for information about IP addresses, network masks, and other material related to setting up a network card connection. Provide a hostname (a single-word name that you give to your system, such as debian, littlebeigebox, or yoda) and a domain name. If you do not have your own domain name, you can make one up, such as myhouse.local. 4. Configure your disk partitions for Debian. If you haven t already done so, read Chapter 7 for more information about partitioning. If you already have partitions on your drive and have room for more, you are given the option to use this space for your Debian system. Another option is to erase the entire disk and use the whole thing for Debian. Either of these two options takes you through the guided partitioning, which is covered in this section. A third option, manually editing the partition, enables you to be more exacting about your partition setup, but you should not try this without help or at least without reading Chapter 7. The guided partitioning section presents three partitioning schemes. Each of the options includes a suitable amount of swap space but has different benefits based on your situation. You must select one from the list before you proceed. See the Selecting a Partition Scheme sidebar for more information. When installing to small disk drives, use ext2 file systems instead of ext3. The journaling feature in ext3 requires that a portion of the disk be set aside for the journal, but the feature is of limited usefulness on small file systems. You can change file system types by going into the partition properties. 5. With your partition configuration chosen, select Finish Partitioning and Write Changes to Disk. This is your last chance to cancel changes that could cause damage to any other operating systems you may have on the disk, so check the screen carefully before proceeding! The installer writes the partitions to disk and creates the necessary file systems. After they have been prepared and mounted, the base system is extracted from the CD and installed to the target partitions. 6. The final step is to install GRUB, the boot loader. The default setting is to install to the master boot record (MBR), which is generally the best option. Accept the defaults and continue. The installer ejects the CD and prompts you to proceed with stage 2. 7. Remove the CD and continue. Note Cross- Reference
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300 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Servers A Linux server installation generally consists of only the minimum set of packages required to provide the service for which it was designed. In particular, this means that servers do not usually have a graphical interface installed. Server hardware is generally more expensive than workstation hardware, although you can still run smaller servers on less-expensive desktop hardware. If you are planning to store important data on your server, then you will want to look into a RAID array for storage. A number of inexpensive ATA RAID controllers work well under Linux. More information about ATA RAID compatibility is available at http://linux mafia.com/faq/Hardware/sata.html and http://ibiblio.org/pub/ Linux/docs/HOWTO/other-formats/html_single/Hardware-HOWTO.html #IDERAID. Higher-end servers will, of course, require more expensive hardware. In applications such as mail servers where you will have a lot of disk activity, plan on splitting the disk-intensive tasks across multiple arrays. When it comes to CPU and RAM, more of both is good, but most applications benefit more from extra RAM than they do from multiple CPUs. Running the Installer The Debian installation process consists of two stages. Stage 1 The first stage boots from the installation medium (generally a CD); configures hardware drivers, disk partitions, and file systems; and then copies a set of essential packages known as the base system. Here s the procedure: 1. Boot the CD that comes with this book and type debian to begin the installation from the initial boot screen. 2. After the installer has finished booting, you are presented with the series of menus that make up the installation process. Use the arrow keys to navigate through the menus and select your language, region, and keyboard mapping. 3. Depending on whether a network card was detected in your system, you may be prompted to set up the network for your new Debian system. By default, the installer attempts to use DHCP to configure the IP addressing on the network card. If you configured it to skip DHCP, or if the DHCP configuration fails, you are prompted to enter the IP address, network mask, default gateway, and DNS server addresses. Note
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Chapter 9 . Running Debian GNU/Linux 299 After all release-critical bugs have been fixed in the frozen testing distribution, the release manager declares the release ready and it replaces the stable distribution. The previous stable version becomes obsolete (but remains on the Debian archive for a reasonable period of time), a new testing distribution is created from the changes that went into unstable while testing was frozen, and the process begins again. Installing Debian GNU/Linux The CD that comes with this book contains a modified Debian network install CD and is intended for use with this tutorial. To complete more than a minimal installation, you will need an Internet connection or a local Debian software repository. You can use other CD sets, including the official ones from the Debian Project, but doing so may still result in the need for APT to download additional packages from the Internet to complete installation. Hardware Requirements and Installation Planning To run Debian, you need at least a 386 processor and 32MB of RAM. For a server or a graphical workstation, you should plan on having at least 128MB of memory and a Pentium-class processor. A minimal set of packages requires 250MB of disk space, and a normal installation of desktop applications can require a few gigabytes. Additional space will be needed to store any data files that you want to keep on the system. Most ISA and PCI network cards are supported under Linux, although ISA models are not usually detected automatically by the installer. Inexpensive cards based on RealTek 8139 chipsets can be found at most PC dealers and will work fine for lowdemand applications. Intel PRO/100 and PRO/1000 adapters are supported in Linux and will work well in high-demand applications, as will cards based on the tulip chipsets and most 3com network cards. Many newer systems include software-based modems that are not supported by the manufacturer under Linux. If you require a dial-up connection for Internet access, see Chapter 5 and check out http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Modem-HOWTO-2.html before you start the installation process. Many other devices, such as sound and video capture cards, can also be used under Linux. For more information about hardware compatibility, see the Hardware Compatibility HOWTO at http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Hardware-HOWTO/. Workstations In most cases, workstation users will want to run the X Window System (X11). The ability to run X11 depends on compatibility with the video chipset on your video card or mainboard. Debian 3.1 includes version 4.3.0 of the XFree86 X11 System. You can find a list of video chipsets supported in this release at http://xfree86. org/4.3.0/.
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298 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution The package selection state indicates what state you want the package to be in. Changes to package status through dpkg happen immediately when using the –install, –remove, and –purge options on a package, but other uses and tools will instead set this flag and then process any pending changes in a batch. The package selection state is one of the following: . install The package should be installed. . deinstall The package files should be removed, with the exception of configuration files. . purge All package files and configuration files should be removed. . hold dpkg should not do anything with the package unless explicitly told to do so with the –force-hold argument. Some packages are designed to enable you to select configuration options as they are being installed. This configuration is managed through the debconf utility. Debconf supports a number of different interfaces, including a command prompt and a menu-based interface. A database of configuration options is also maintained by debconf, allowing it to automatically answer repeated questions, such as those you might encounter while upgrading or reinstalling a package. Examples of how to use these utilities are included in the Managing Your Debian System section later in this chapter. Debian Releases In Debian terms, a distribution is a collection of specific package versions. From time to time, a distribution is declared ready for release and becomes a release. In practice, these two terms are often used interchangeably when referring to Debian distributions that have reached the stable milestone. Debian distributions are given code names (recent ones include potato, woody, and sarge) to identify their archive directory on the Debian servers and while active will be referenced by a release tag. There are three release tags, each one pointing to one of the three active releases. The tags unstable, testing, and stable identify the state of the release within the release cycle. New packages, and new versions of packages, are uploaded to the Debian archive and are imported into the unstable distribution. This distribution always contains the newest version of every package, which means that changes have not yet been thoroughly tested to verify that installing them will not cause unexpected behavior. Once a package has been in unstable for a few days and testing shows that it has not had any significant bugs filed against it, it is imported into the testing distribution. The testing distribution remains very similar to unstable until it is frozen in preparation for release as the next stable distribution. When testing is in the frozen state, only changes that are necessary to fix significant bugs are imported.
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Chapter 9 . Running Debian GNU/Linux 297 Virtual packages do not actually exist as files but can be referenced in the package interrelationship fields. They are most commonly used in cases where more than one package fulfills a specific requirement. Packages with this requirement can reference the virtual package in their Depends field, and packages that satisfy this dependency reference it in their Provides field. Because most programs providing a virtual package are mutually exclusive, they also include the virtual package in their Conflicts field to prevent the installation of conflicting packages. Debian Package Management Tools Perhaps the most interesting and well-known part of the Debian package management system is APT, the Advanced Package Tool. APT, through the apt-get binary, maintains a database of packages available in the repositories that it is configured to check and can handle automatically downloading new or upgraded packages. When installing or upgrading packages, APT downloads the necessary files to a local cache directory and then instructs the dpkg tool to take the appropriate actions. Most basic package management functions are performed by dpkg, although not always at the direct request of the user. This tool handles medium-level package installation and removal and also manages the package status database. That database contains information about every package known to dpkg, including the package meta information and two other important fields: the package state and selection state. As its name suggests, the package state indicates the present state of the package, which is one of the following: . not-installed The package is known but is not installed on the system. . half-installed An attempt was made to install the package, but an error prevented it from finishing. . unpacked The files have been extracted from the package, but any postextract configuration steps have not yet been performed. . half-configured The postextract configuration was started, but an error prevented it from finishing. . installed The package is fully installed and configured. . config-files The package was removed, but the configuration files still exist on the system. When the same version of a package that s in the config-files state is installed, any files that may have been manually removed will not be extracted. You can work around this by either purging the package (using dpkg –purge first) or by passing the –force-confmiss option to dpkg. Note
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296 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Inside Debian GNU/Linux Like most modern operating systems, software programs in Debian GNU/Linux are bundled into packages for easy distribution and management. The package format and management tools used in Debian GNU/Linux were created by the Debian Project and are arguably the most sophisticated of their type. Additionally, careful adherence to packaging policies and quality-control measures ensure compatibility and help make upgrades go smoothly. Debian is one of very few operating system distributions in which all components (except the kernel) can be upgraded without rebooting the system. Debian Packages Debian packages come in two forms: binary and source. Binary packages contain files that can be extracted directly onto the system by the package management tools. Source packages contain source code and build instructions that the Debian build tools use to create binary packages. In addition to program data files, Debian packages contain control data that enable the package management tools to support advanced features: . A main control file contains version and package interrelationship data. The version can be compared to an installed version of the same package to determine whether an upgrade is needed. The interrelationship data tell the package management tools which packages must or cannot be installed at the same time as this package. Package interrelationship fields include Depends, Conflicts, Replaces, Provides, Recommends, Suggests, and Enhances. For a complete list of control file fields, see http://debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-control fields.html. . Optional preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm files can instruct the packaging tools to perform functions before or after package installation or removal. Most packages containing daemons (such as Apache HTTPD) include a postinst script that starts the daemon automatically after installation. . A conffiles file can designate specific files in the package as configuration files, which are not automatically overwritten during upgrades. By default, all files under the /etc/ directory are configuration files. Two special package types, meta and virtual, also exist. Meta packages are standard binary packages that depend on a number of other packages. These can be used as a convenient method for installing a set of related packages. Note
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Running Debian GNU/Linux Debian GNU/Linux is a creation of the Debian Project. Founded in 1993 by Ian Murdock, the Debian Project is an association of individuals who have made a common cause to create a free, coherent, and complete operating system. The Debian GNU/Linux network install CD is contained on the CD that comes with this book. You can install Debian from that CD as described in this chapter. You can do a minimal Debian install with just that CD or a complete Debian install with a connection to the Internet (recommended). This installation is suited for setting up a Web server (LAMP server) and a mail server (see Chapters 23 and 24, respectively). The principles of the Debian Project are defined in the Debian Social Contract. This contract is a commitment to the free software community that basically states: . All software within the Debian system will remain free, as defined in the Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG). . The Debian Project will contribute to the free software community by licensing any software developed for the Debian system in accordance with the DFSG, developing the best system it can, and by sharing improvements and fixes with the original developers of any programs incorporated into Debian GNU/Linux. . Problems will not be hidden from users, and any bug reports filed against Debian components will be made promptly available to the public through the Debian Bug Tracking System (BTS). . The Debian Project will focus on the needs of its users and on the principles of free software. . Provisions will be made for the support of programs that do not meet the standards in the DFSG because some users may depend on these programs to make effective use of the system. The bug tracking and support systems will always include mechanisms for handling these programs when they are provided with the Debian system. On the CD-ROM C9H A P T E R . . . . In This Chapter Inside Debian Installing Debian Managing your Debian system . . . .
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294 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution The Fedora Setup Agent runs automatically only if you have configured Fedora to boot to a graphical login prompt. To start it from a text login, log in as root and switch to init state 5 temporarily (type init 5). Log in to the graphical prompt. From a Terminal window, as root user, type # rm /etc/sysconfig/firstboot # /usr/sbin/firstboot The Welcome screen displays. From it, step through screens to configure date and time, your monitor, user accounts, and additional software. Summary After throwing its devoted following into turmoil by dropping the well-known Red Hat Linux name, Red Hat Inc. has settled its development efforts into the free Fedora Project and commercial Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Fedora Core and Red Hat Enterprise Linux distributions distinguish themselves from other Linux distributions with their simplified installer (called Anaconda), graphical configuration tools, and RPM Package Management tools. Fedora Core is freely available, whereas Red Hat Enterprise Linux is available on a paid subscription basis. Fedora Core is included on the DVD that comes with this book. You can install the complete Fedora Core distribution by following the detailed instructions included in this chapter. . . . Note
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