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Chapter 10 . Running SUSE Linux 323 Although you need a boot CD or floppy disk to begin the installation, the actual software you are installing can reside in other locations. If you have a network card installed on your computer, SUSE software can be gathered from the following types of locations: . FTP From the installation boot prompt, identify the location of the directory on an FTP server that contains the contents of the SUSE packages. For example, to install from the /install directory from the FTP server at 10.0.0.1, type the following at the boot prompt: install=ftp://10.0.0.1/install . HTTP To use a Web (http) server instead of an FTP server, you would type the following: install=http://10.0.0.1/install . NFS To use an NFS server instead of an FTP server, you would type the following: install=nfs://10.0.0.1/install Other installation media that are supported include hard disk (with the SUSE software installed on a different hard disk or partition on the local computer) and Samba (where the software is on an SMB share from a Windows or other Linux system). Starting Installation Here are the steps for installing the SUSE Linux Personal-CD edition on your hard disk: 1. Insert the installation CD in your CD drive. Reboot the computer. The SUSE installation boot screen appears. 2. Installation type. Because this install is from the local CD, highlight Installation and press Enter. The YaST screen appears to begin installation. Sometimes installation can fail because the computer hardware doesn t support certain features, such as power management (ACPI or APM) or DMA on hard drives or removable media. For those cases, you can try starting installation by selecting ACPI Disabled (which turns off ACPI) or Safe Settings (which turns off ACPI and APM as well as turning off DMA for any IDE CD, DVD, or hard drives). 3. Language. Select your language and click Accept. Installation Settings appear. The next few steps let you view and (optionally) change the installation settings SUSE recommends. 4. System. Select System to view information about the computer hardware that SUSE detected. You can select Save to File to have that information saved to a file on your hard disk. Click OK to return to Installation Settings. 5. Mode. New Installation is the only mode available with the Personal Edition. Note
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322 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution To get an account, select the Sign Up Here link from the SUSE Linux Portal page. If you have purchased your SUSE distribution, you can use that account to register your SUSE product. Having a registered SUSE product lets you use your account to get free installation information and other support services. At the time of this writing, SUSE was offering a free 30-day evaluation for SUSE Linux Enterprise Server if you wanted to download it. That evaluation included installation support and upgrade protection. Check the Novell (www.novell.com) and SUSE (www.suse.com) Web sites to see if any evaluation specials are available at the moment. Installing SUSE The SUSE installation procedure described here is for the SUSE Linux Personal-CD edition. This edition is available free of charge. Functionally, it is almost exactly the same as the boxed set version that SUSE sells, with only a few items removed that are not covered under a license in which they can be redistributed. The DVD that comes with this book includes the first CD in the SUSE Linux Personal- CD edition that you can copy and use. If you want to download the latest Personal-CD yourself, go to the SUSE download page (www.suse.com/us/private/download/ index.html). In either case, you will have to burn the CD image to a CD yourself. (See Appendix A for information on how to do that.) If you like SUSE and want a commercial version, select the Online Store link at the SUSE.com site. You can purchase a boxed set of the Personal edition, which includes installation support and hardcopy documentation, or you can choose one of the other editions, such as the SUSE Linux Professional or SUSE Linux Enterprise Server editions, which also include support and documentation. The installation description in this chapter covers installs on Intel x86 PCs. If you have AMD 64-bit or Intel Extended Memory 64 Technology systems, you need to purchase the SUSE Linux Professional boxed set, which includes installation media for both of those types of hardware. Before You Begin To install SUSE, you need at least 96MB of main memory. The entire SUSE Personal- CD installation requires about 1.8GB of disk space, although you can get by with less by deselecting packages during installation. Installation should work on any Pentium-class x86 PC. The description here tells how to install by booting the installation CD and installing the software from that medium. If you don t have a bootable CD, you can create a boot floppy from the floppy image on the CD. To see available boot images and descriptions of how to create boot floppies, refer to the README file in the /boot directory on the SUSE installation CD. Note Note
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Chapter 10 . Running SUSE Linux 321 # rpm -V aaa_base ..5….T c /etc/inittab S.5….T /etc/profile.d/alias.ash -V checks whether any of the contents of the aaa_base package (which contains some basic system configuration files) has been modified. The output shows that the inittab and alias.ash files have been modified from the originals. The 5 indicates that the md5sum of the files differ, while the T indicates that the time stamp on the file differs. On the alias.ash file, the S shows that the size of the file is different. The rpm command has many other options as well. To find out more about them, type man rpm from any shell. Automated Software Updates As of version 7.1, SUSE Linux includes an automatic update agent. The YaST Online Update (YOU) utility is built right into the YaST facility and offers an easy way to get updates, security patches, and bug fixes for SUSE by downloading and installing them from software repositories over the network. From within YaST, select YOU. YaST shows you the location of mirror sites and then enables you to begin retrieving software updates with a single click. It presents you with a list of patches from which you can choose. Security patches are in red, all recommended patches are selected, and optional patches are shown (unselected). It s easy to see all available patches and read their descriptions to determine if you want them. After you have selected the updates you want and clicked OK, you can watch the progress as each patch and updated package is downloaded and installed. Having security-related patches and other fixes separated and being able to read all about each software update and patch right on the YaST window before you start downloading are features that set YOU apart from methods of doing upgrades from other Linux distributions. Getting Support for SUSE SUSE has an excellent support database and full-time support staff. You can search many of the articles on the site for free and check out the FAQs. Paid support options are available as well. The SUSE Linux Portal (http://portal.suse.com) is the place to search for answers about using SUSE. To try the free search engine at the site, just select Search. You don t need a user account to search articles related to the SUSE Linux personal or professional editions, although you do need one to search articles related to Linux business products from SUSE.
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320 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution To make your way around the graphical YaST interface, you only need to click the mouse and use the Tab key to move between fields. For the text-based YaST interface, you can use the Tab and arrow keys to move among the selections and the Enter key to select the currently highlighted item. RPM Package Management Like Red Hat Linux, SUSE packages its software using the RPM package management file format and related tools. RPM contains a lot of features for adding, removing, and managing software in SUSE. Although software packages in the Red Hat and SUSE distributions are different, the tools you use for managing packages in those two distributions are the same. You use the rpm utility to work with RPM software packages. Here s a list of some of its features: . Installing local or remote packages. You can use the rpm command to add a software package to SUSE, and it doesn t care if the package is in the local directory, CD, or remote computer (providing you have network access to that computer). A remote package can be available on a Web server (http://) or FTP server (ftp://). Here s an example of using an rpm command to install a software package from an FTP server: # rpm -iv ftp://ftp.linuxtoys.net/pub/suse/9.1/abc.i586.rpm In this example, the -i option says to install the package, and the -v option says to give verbose output as the package is installed. The fictitious package (abc.i586.rpm) is installed from an FTP repository. If there are dependency or access issues, rpm informs you and fails. Otherwise, the package is installed. (The -U option is often used instead of the -i option to install RPMs because -U succeeds even if the package is already installed. The -U says to upgrade the package.) . Querying the RPM database. One of the best features of the RPM facility is that you can find out a lot of information about the software packages that are installed. The query option (-q) lets you list package names, descriptions, and contents in various ways. Here are a few examples: # rpm -qa xmms # rpm -ql xmms | less # rpm -qi xmms | less The first example (-qa) searches for the xmms package and reports the current version of the package that is installed. In the second, -ql lists all files in the xmms package and then pipes that output to the less command to page through it. And finally, -qi displays a description and other information about the xmms package. . Verifying installed packages. Use rpm to verify the contents of an RPM package. The -V option enables you to check whether any of the files in a package have been tampered with. Here is an example:
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Chapter 10 . Running SUSE Linux 319 YaST offers you some intuitive tools for configuring your system and comes preconfigured, so you start with a nice set of defaults. YaST also does a good job detecting your hardware, finding partitions, and the like, so a new user can often just accept the settings YaST chooses. Here are some examples of what YaST does for you: . Detects hardware. You don t have to check through /etc configuration files or run lsmod to see how your hardware has been configured in SUSE. From the Hardware section, you can select icons representing your CD drives, graphics cards, printers, joysticks, scanners, sound cards, and mice. Click the Hardware information icon to see your full list of detected hardware. . Manages system configuration. Like Red Hat Linux, SUSE stores much of the information it uses to configure services at boot time in files in the /etc/ sysconfig directory. The information in those files is in the form VARIABLE= VALUE . Under the YaST System icon, you can select the sysconfig Editor, which lets you select each file, and then view and possibly change each variable so that you don t have to guess what variables are available for each configuration. For more advanced system administrators, this is a great way to fine-tune the startup services for your system. SUSE also includes a System Configuration Profile Management (SCPM) applet, which lets you store and manage a collection of system settings so it can be used again later. . Configures network devices. YaST detects your dial-up modem, Ethernet card, DSL modem, or ISDN hardware, and gives you the opportunity to configure each piece of hardware. SUSE also does a much better job than most distributions at getting Winmodems working in Linux, which is particularly useful for using dial-up features on laptops that have cheap, built-in modems. . Defines network services. With a connection to your LAN or WAN, YaST provides some helpful graphical tools for configuring some services that can be unintuitive to do from the command line. . Changes security settings. Security settings in Linux are often among the most unintuitive features to configure, while at the same time being among the most important. Although features such as iptables work great for most Linux gurus for setting up a firewall, people who are accustomed to graphical interfaces may find them challenging. From the YaST Security and Users selection, the Firewall icon enables you to step through your network interfaces and add access to those services you want by name (such as Web Server, Mail Server, and Other Services) or by port number. It even enables you to do initial setup of more complex firewall features, such as packet forwarding, IP Masquerading, and logging.
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318 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Figure 10-1: Configure common Linux features using the YaST utility. Launching the YaST utility actually involves running the /sbin/yast2 command. When you run /sbin/yast2, YaST starts in text mode by default. (An alternative is to run kdesu /sbin/yast2 from a Terminal window, which starts YaST in graphical mode.) Figure 10-2 shows what YaST looks like when started in text mode from a Terminal window. Figure 10-2: Use the arrow and Tab keys to navigate YaST in text mode.
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Chapter 10 . Running SUSE Linux 317 What s in SUSE Unlike distributions geared toward more technical users, such as Gentoo and Slackware, you can configure and launch most major features of SUSE by selecting menus on the desktop. New Linux users should find SUSE to be very comfortable for daily use and basic administration. Like Red Hat Enterprise Linux, SUSE is made to have a more cohesive look-and-feel than most Linux distributions that are geared toward Linux enthusiasts. In other words, you aren t required to put together a lot of SUSE by hand just to get it working. Although there are personal editions of SUSE that are fine for home users, SUSE is ultimately aimed more toward enterprise computing. Let s explore what SUSE Linux offers you. Installation and Configuration with YaST A set of modules that can be used for configuring your SUSE system is gathered together under the YaST facility. Because many of the features needed in a Linux installer are also needed to configure a running system (network, security, software, and other setup features), YaST does double duty as an installer and an administrative tool. YaST (which stands for Yet Another Setup Tool) was, until recently, proprietary code that was not available as open source. However, to gain wider acceptance for YaST among major computing clients as a framework for managing a range of computing services, Novell released YaST under the GNU Public License in March 2004. YaST makes obvious what you need to do to install Linux. Hardware detection is done before your eyes. You can set up your disk partitions graphically (no need to remember options to the fdisk command). Setting up the GRUB boot loader is done for you, with the option to modify it yourself. One of the nice features of YaST installation is that you can scan the configuration process without stepping through every feature. If you scan through the mouse, keyboard, installation mode, partitioning, and other information and they look okay, you can click Accept and just keep going. Or you can change any of those settings you choose. (The Installing SUSE section later in this chapter details the installation process with YaST.) Because YaST offers both graphical (QT) and text-based (ncurses) interfaces, you can use YaST as a configuration tool from the desktop or the shell. To start YaST from the desktop, click the SUSE button on the desktop panel and select System. YaST. Figure 10-1 shows what the graphical version of the YaST utility looks like.
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316 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Understanding SUSE If you are looking for the stability and support required of a Linux system on which you can bet your business, SUSE offers impressive, stable Linux products backed by a company (Novell, Inc.) that has been selling enterprise solutions for a long time. SUSE s product offerings range from personal desktop systems to enterprisequality servers. SUSE began as a German version of Slackware in 1992, on 40 floppy disks, and was first officially released on CD (SUSE Linux 1.0) in 1994. Founded by Hubert Mantel, Burchard Steinbild, Roland Dyroff, and Thomas Fehr, SUSE set out as a separate distribution from Slackware to enhance the software in the areas of installation and administration. Although SUSE had success and respect with its Linux distribution, it was not profitable, and Novell s $210 million offer for SUSE was seen as a good thing both for SUSE and for Linux in general. SUSE was running short on cash, and Novell was looking for a way to regain its stature as a growth company in the enterprise and network computing arena. In the 1980s and early 1990s, Novell was the world s number-one computer networking company. Before the Internet took hold, Novell s NetWare servers and IPX/SPX protocols were the most popular ways of connecting PCs together on LANs. International training, support, and sales teams brought Novell products to businesses and organizations around the world. Despite Novell s huge lead in the network computing market, file and printer sharing features in Windows and late entry into the TCP/IP (Internet) arena caused Novell to lose its market dominance in the 1990s. Although its NetWare products contained excellent features for directory services and managing network resources, Novell didn t have end-to-end computing solutions. NetWare relied on Windows for client computers and lacked high-end server products. Novell s association with the UNIX operating system in the early 1990s makes an interesting footnote in the history of Linux. Novell purchased UNIX System V source code from AT&T and set out to make its resulting UnixWare product (a UNIX desktop product for x86 processors) a competitor to Microsoft s growing dominance on the desktop. The effort was half-hearted, and Novell soon gave the UNIX trademark to the Open Group and sold the UNIX source code to SCO. Novell s purchase of SUSE marks its second major attempt to fill in its product line with a UNIX-like desktop and server product. From the early returns, it appears that Novell is doing a better job with Linux than it did with UNIX.
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Running SUSE Linux For the past few years, SUSE has been the most popular Linux distribution in Europe. Since the U.S. networking company Novell, Inc. purchased SUSE in November 2003, SUSE has been positioning itself to challenge Red Hat to become the dominant Linux distribution for large enterprise computing environments worldwide. The DVD that comes with this book contains the CD image of SUSE 9.2, disk 1. You can burn that image to CD as described in Appendix A and install it as described later in this chapter. Like Red Hat Linux, SUSE is an excellent first Linux for people who prefer to work from a graphical desktop rather than from the command line. Likewise, Novell s Linux product line is geared toward enterprise computing, so the skills you gain using SUSE will scale beyond your home Linux system. SUSE has a slick graphical installer that leads you through installation and intuitive administrative tools, consolidated under a facility called YaST. SUSE and its parent company Novell offer a range of Linux products and support plans that scale up to enterprise computing, as well as free, binary versions of SUSE that you can use with limited support. This chapter describes the features and approach to Linux that set SUSE apart from other Linux distributions. It also explains how to install the SUSE 9.2 distribution that is included with this book. On the DVD-ROM 1C H A0P0T E R . . . . In This Chapter Understanding SUSE What s in SUSE Getting support for SUSE Installing SUSE . . . .
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314 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Summary The reliability of Debian GNU/Linux, combined with the large number of high-quality packages available for it, make Debian a great choice for both workstations and servers. The carefully executed releases and the capability to upgrade most software without rebooting serve to further increase its suitability as a server operating system. APT is a primary tool for installing, removing, and upgrading packages. This chapter explored how to use the apt-get and apt-cache utilities for package management. Also discussed were the installation of package sets (tasks) using the tasksel utility and managing package configuration with the dpkg-reconfigure utility. . . .
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