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Chapter 8 . Running Fedora Core and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 279 and codecs. Many of these contentious packages have been moved to repositories associated with the RPM Livna.org site. Most people will use rpm.livna. org in tandem with the Fedora.us repository to get a full range of Fedora Core software. The whole issue of software patents is a sticky one. The FedoraTracker.org site does a good job of warning you when software you turn up in searches may violate DCMA restrictions in the U.S. or electronic patents. You should know that installing software that violates legitimate patents can result in the owners of those patents seeking compensation. Forums and Mailing Lists Since Fedora came into existence, many individuals and organizations have rallied to support Fedora going forward. If you want to get into the flow of the Fedora community, I recommend starting with the Fedora Project s own mailing lists. You can choose the Fedora mailing list that interests you from the Red Hat Mailing Lists page (http://redhat.com/mailman/listinfo). Start with the fedora-list or fedoraannounce- list mailing list. Many other Fedora resources are also available on the Web, and Appendix B includes a list of many of them. Listening to the People at Red Hat Red Hat sets out the charter for the Fedora Project on its home page (http:// fedora.redhat.com): The Fedora Project is a Red-Hat-sponsored and community-supported open-source project. It is also a proving ground for new technology that may eventually make its way into Red Hat products. It is not a supported product of Red Hat Inc. What that means exactly is still being sorted out more than a year after the launching of the Fedora Project. What it has meant so far has been three versions of Fedora Core that have brought in development of different technologies than were included in Red Hat Enterprise Linux distributions. Red Hat has stuck to its plan to release Fedora two to three times per year. So far, releases have stayed closer to the two-per-year pace average that was the standard for producing Red Hat Linux releases. It has also stuck to its promise to include Fedora technology in its commercial products: Each new release of our supported products will be based in part on a recent release of Fedora Core. Caution
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278 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution As of this writing, Red Hat Linux 7.2, 7.3, 8, and 9 releases all have Fedora Legacy Project software repositories from which you can download available critical software updates. By following a few simple steps from the Fedora Legacy download page (www.fedoralegacy.org/download), you can use yum or apt tools to configure your system to automatically download and install selected packages. Fedora Legacy Project s Web site provides a lot of information, from a mailing list and IRC channel you can join to overview material you can read about the project. Fedora Software Repositories A ton of open source software is available in the world that is not included in Fedora Core. To coordinate the gathering and testing of open source, third-party software, the Fedora Extras Project (www.fedora.us) was formed by people outside Red Hat Inc. (with Red Hat s blessing). Unlike Fedora Legacy repositories, which consist of updates to software already in the Fedora distribution, the Fedora Extras Project encourages people to build their software into RPM packages that can easily be installed in Fedora Core and Red Hat Linux systems. Fedora Extras provides guidelines for producing these packages and then performs quality-assurance testing and security verification on them before adding them to the Fedora tree for anyone to download and use. To find sites that have packages included in Fedora Extras, check out the list of Fedora Extras mirror sites (www.fedora.us/wiki/FedoraMirrorList). The Fedora Channels page (www.fedora.us/wiki/FedoraChannels) also includes software channels available for Fedora (and other Red Hat Linux systems). Although there is great value in having a central organization coordinating and testing the software packages available for Fedora, the particular package you might want may not be available through Fedora Extras for one reason or another. Two other places you can check for RPM packages of third-party software available to use with Fedora are: . Fedora Tracker (www.fedoratracker.org) Use this site to search known repositories of Fedora third-party software for the packages you are interested in. You can search by package name, description, or Fedora release. The site offers clear descriptions of the different software packages available (more than 18,000 packages at the time of this writing, and many more are sure to be available by the time you read this). This site is not officially associated with the Fedora Project. . RPM Livna.org (http://rpm.livna.org) When Fedora.us merged with Red Hat Inc. to form the Fedora Project, some third-party software maintained by Fedora.us didn t meet Red Hat s standards for distribution. In particular, there are licensing and patent issues surrounding some multimedia players
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Chapter 8 . Running Fedora Core and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 277 System Configuration Tools Red Hat created a set of simplified, graphical tools for configuring and administering many basic administrative features in Red Hat systems. Using these tools, you can add printers, configure your network, add users, set up your sound card, and tune up your video card, to name a few of the features they cover. Red Hat s graphical configuration tools (which are described in Chapter 4) can be launched from the System Tools or Systems Settings menu or from the command line. Recently, the beginnings of these configuration tools command names changed from redhat-config to system-config. For example, the tool to configure your network in Fedora is now called system-config-network (instead of redhatconfig- network). Going Forward with Fedora Core With the original Red Hat Linux, you could have the exact same Linux system for free (to run in your home or small business) that was being used in large-scale enterprise deployments. For just a few dollars, you could add official Red Hat support for that system, which included official security patches and upgrade paths for the future. Today, with the different free (Fedora Core) and subscription-based (RHEL) Linuxes from Red Hat, some of the same basic advantages hold true if you are a bit more adventurous. Because Red Hat Linux is such a successful operating system, many who have developed skills in using and deploying Red Hat Linux have rallied to support Fedora in areas where Red Hat Inc. has bowed out. The following sections explore some of those support efforts. Fedora Legacy Project In April 2004, Red Hat Inc. officially ended support for Red Hat Linux 9, the last release of Red Hat Linux systems. That meant that Red Hat would no longer provide errata packages or gather bug reports for any Red Hat Linux systems. From Red Hat s perspective, you either had to upgrade to RHEL or go on your own with Fedora. The Fedora Legacy Project (www.fedoralegacy.org) came up with a third possibility: extend the lives of select Red Hat Linux systems. Fedora Legacy Project s charter is to offer software patches for select Red Hat Linux and Fedora Core systems beyond the end of life set by Red Hat Inc. These critical fixes and security patches are necessary for an operating system to remain stable for at least two to three years. Without this support, companies and consultants who want to use Fedora Core to sell with their hardware or software products can t expect to have a stable OS to rely on for more than a few months.
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276 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution RPM Package Management All Red Hat Linux distributions use the RPM Package Management (RPM) software packaging format to store and maintain software that the distributions use. Fedora Core and RHEL contain a set of tools for installing, upgrading, maintaining, and querying software packages in RPM format. Essentially, the RPM software packages that are installed are maintained in a database, so you can list the contents of packages, view descriptions, and even check for tampering of the files in those packages. Using RPM, add-on software can also be easily included in and maintained for Fedora systems. So users who once had to know how to deal with tarballs and makefiles to compile their own software can now simply install an RPM package to get the features they want. With other Linux distributions (such as SUSE and Mandrake) also using RPM packaging, your RPM tool skills can help you manage software on those distributions as well. Because of the popularity of Red Hat Linux systems, lots of software repositories and third-party software management tools have been created to further automate and simplify handling software in Red Hat systems. Tools such as yum (www.linux. duke.edu/projects/yum) and apt4rpm (http://apt4rpm.sourceforge.net) are available for updating selected software. AutoRPM (www.autorpm.org) was created to automatically get RPM updates from Red Hat and install them on a single system or a cluster of machines. Kudzu Hardware Detection Early Linux systems required that someone installing Linux know a lot about their hardware and the Linux drivers needed for that hardware to work. The kudzu feature was created by Red Hat to detect and configure a lot of computer hardware automatically. This feature is a great boost to those who don t want to worry about finding and selecting the drivers needed for their computer hardware. Kudzu runs during your initial Red Hat installation to detect your system s hardware. It also runs each time you start your Fedora or RHEL system so that if you add or remove hardware and restart the system, it can try to determine what the hardware is and offer you the opportunity to configure it or remove the driver, as appropriate. The highly touted hardware detection done by the KNOPPIX bootable Linux distribution is based on the kudzu libraries from Red Hat Inc. Red Hat Desktop Look-and-Feel To add a level of consistency to the desktops on its Linux systems, Red Hat created a look-and-feel that is pretty much the same for both GNOME and KDE. Of course there are some differences in color and logos, but a user can expect to find menus, panels, workspaces, and other desktop features in Fedora Core and RHEL systems to be very similar. Note
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Chapter 8 . Running Fedora Core and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 275 Red Hat Installer (Anaconda) When many Linux distributions still had you struggling from the command line to get the distribution installed, Red Hat created its own installer called Anaconda. Anaconda includes both graphical and text-based procedures for installing Linux. When you re done installing Red Hat Linux, you have the following: . A set of software packages installed that suits how you want to use your computer (as a desktop, workstation, server, or some custom configuration). . Standard information, such as date, time, time zone, and language set. . A configured mouse, keyboard, video card, and monitor. . An appropriately partitioned hard disk. . A configured network card and firewall, to immediately connect to a LAN. . A configured boot loader, to define how Linux starts up. Besides being fairly intuitive to use, Anaconda is loaded with features to make it easy to manage the installation of many Red Hat systems. For example, these power features are built into the Anaconda installer: . Network installs After booting the install process, the actual Fedora or RHEL distribution can be on a network server that is accessible via a Web server (http), FTP server (ftp), or UNIX file server (NFS). . Kickstart installs It s not so bad to sit there and click through the answers to run the installation of one Fedora Core system, but if you re doing dozens or hundreds of installs (especially on similar computers), automating that task can be a major time-saver. Anaconda supports kickstart installs, for which you use a preconfigured kickstart file to answer the questions that come up during a Red Hat installation. If you answer all the questions in the file, you can launch the installation and have it run from start to finish without you in attendance. . Upgrades With an existing Fedora system installed, Anaconda enables you to easily upgrade to a newer Fedora system. A lot of nice features for saving backups of configuration files and logging the upgrade activities are built into that process. During an upgrade, Anaconda takes into consideration any dependency issues, so the upgraded software packages will have all the libraries and commands that the features in those packages need. You ll find a detailed description of installing Fedora using the Anaconda installer at the end of this chapter.
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274 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Although it is sponsored and directed by Red Hat Inc., the Fedora Project encourages community involvement. The latest Fedora Core will include many more features than Red Hat Enterprise Linux, but those features have less guarantee of stability and no guarantee of support. Fedora Core follows the legacy of Red Hat Linux. The final version of Red Hat Linux was version 9. Fedora Core 1 and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 followed Red Hat Linux 9. Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), which is actually represented by multiple products for desktop, server, and workstation computer systems, is licensed commercially. Red Hat puts all its documentation, training, and support effort behind RHEL, which it sells to customers in the form of subscriptions. The intent is to have RHEL be a rock-solid Linux system that can be deployed across entire enterprises. Despite the confusion it unleashed by dumping its flagship Red Hat Linux line and fears by some that Red Hat might become another Microsoft, Red Hat is still the dominant player when it comes to commercial Linux products. Many people have been happy to upgrade their critical Linux systems to Red Hat Enterprise Linux products. To its credit, Red Hat has managed to become a profitable venture while making some remarkable contributions to the open source effort. Releasing its installer (Anaconda) and software packaging tools (RPM Package Management) under the GNU Public License (GPL), has enabled other Linux distributions to use and enhance those features. Within Red Hat Linux and now Fedora Core, Red Hat Inc. has worked hard to include only software that could be freely distributed (removing most software with patent and copyright issues). Although Fedora is more of a testing facility than a guaranteed enterprise-quality operating system, for the purposes of this book, Fedora Core is a great way to evaluate and use technology that is in all Linux distributions from Red Hat. Features in Fedora Core 3 are in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4. Both distributions are discussed in this chapter, so you can determine which distribution is right for you. Digging into Features There are many opinions on why Red Hat Linux and other distributions from Red Hat Inc. have been so popular. The following sections describe some features of Red Hat Linux distributions that are commonly believed to have led to its success and that add to the popularity of Fedora Core and Red Hat Enterprise Linux distributions. Note
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Running Fedora Core and Red Hat Enterprise Linux In September 2003, the world s leading Linux distribution, Red Hat Linux, disappeared. Red Hat Inc., the company that created Red Hat Linux, divided its development efforts in two directions: the Fedora Project, which produces the Fedora Core operating system, and Red Hat Enterprise Linux. The split came from trying to better serve two diverse groups with one operating system. Wanting to make some money on the value that Red Hat Inc. adds to Linux might have had something to do with it as well. Fedora Core 3 is included on the DVD that comes with this book. You can install the entire distribution from this DVD, using descriptions in Appendix A and the Installing Fedora Core section later in this chapter. If you don t have a DVD drive, you can obtain the same software on four CDs by downloading them from the Internet (http://fedora. redhat.com/download) and burning them to CD as described in Appendix A. Fedora Core and Red Hat Enterprise Linux both come from a base of code that stems from the Red Hat Linux legacy. Going forward, the two distributions have different goals and audiences and may drift farther apart over time. Fedora Core is intended to include the latest Linux technology and be a proving ground for features slated to go into Red Hat Enterprise Linux products. It is a freely distributed operating system for the Linux community. On the DVD-ROM C8H A P T E R . . . . In This Chapter Digging into Fedora Core Going forward with Fedora Core Installing Fedora Core . . . .
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272 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Installing from the Linux Bible DVD or CD With the knowledge you ve gained in this chapter, you re ready to select a Linux distribution to install. Read the descriptions of Linux distributions in the other chapters in Part II of this book. Each chapter includes an icon box that tells you if the distribution described there is on the DVD or CD or, if it isn t, where you can get it. If you need more information about the DVD or CD, Appendix A describes the contents of those media. It also tells you which Linux distributions can be booted directly from the DVD or CD and which have to be burned to CD before you can boot or install the distribution. Summary While every Linux distribution includes a different installation method, there are many common activities you need to do, regardless of which Linux system you install. For every Linux system, you need to deal with issues of disk partitioning, network configuration, and boot loaders. Linux Bible 2005 Edition includes a DVD and a CD with several different Linux systems you can install. If you prefer, you can instead download and burn your own CDs or DVDs to install Linux. If you go the route of burning your own CDs, this chapter helps you find Linux distributions you can download and describes tools you can use to verify their contents. . . .
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Chapter 7 . Installing Linux 271 netmask to an IP address of 192.168.0.1, for example, the network address would be 192.168.0 and the host address 1. Because 0 and 255 can t be assigned to a particular host, that leaves valid host numbers between 1 and 254 available for this local network. . Activate on boot Some Linux install procedures ask you to indicate if you want the network to start at boot time (you probably do if you have a LAN). . Set the hostname This is the name identifying your computer within your domain. For example, if your computer were named baskets in the handson history.com domain, your full hostname may be baskets.handsonhistory. com. You can either set the domain name yourself (manually) or have it assigned automatically, if that information is being assigned by a DHCP server (automatically via DHCP). . Gateway This is the IP number of the computer that acts as a gateway to networks outside your LAN. This typically represents a host computer or router that routes packets between your LAN and the Internet. . Primary DNS This is the IP address of the host that translates computer names you request into IP addresses. It is referred to as a Domain Name System (DNS) server. You may also have Secondary and Tertiary name servers in case the first one can t be reached. (Most ISPs will give you two DNS server addresses.) Configuring Other Administrative Features Depending on which Linux install you are using, there are other types of information you will be asked to enter. These might involve: . Firewall Most Linux distributions these days use iptables to configure firewalls. Older Linux systems use ipchains. When you configure a default firewall, you typically choose which ports will be open to outside connections on your system (although there are many other things a firewall can be configured to do as well). The iptables firewall facility is described in Chapter 17 when you configure a router/firewall. . Languages While Linux itself doesn t include support for lots of different languages, some Linux distributions (such as Fedora) and desktop environments (such as KDE) offer support for many different languages. Nearly all Linux distributions let you configure language-specific keyboards. . Root password and additional user Every Linux system that uses passwords will have you add at least the root user s password when you install Linux. Some distributions require that you add at least one additional nonroot user as well. Besides the features just mentioned, every distribution needs to have some initial configuration done before you have a fully functional Linux system. See Chapter 4 for information on basic administrative tasks for Linux.
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270 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Changing Your Boot Loader If you don t want to use the GRUB boot loader, or if you tried out LILO and want to switch back to GRUB, it s not hard to change to a different boot loader on Linux distributions that support both boot loaders. To switch your boot loader from GRUB to LILO, do the following: 1. Configure the /etc/lilo.conf file as described in the Booting Your Computer with LILO section. (On Fedora systems, you can use the contents of /etc/ lilo.conf.anaconda to start.) 2. As root user from a Terminal window, type the following: # lilo 3. The new Master Boot Record is written, including the entries in /etc/ lilo.conf. 4. Reboot your computer. You should see the LILO boot screen. To change your boot loader from LILO to GRUB, do the following: 1. Configure the /boot/grub/grub.conf file as described in the Booting Your Computer with GRUB section. 2. You need to know the device on which you want to install GRUB. For example, to install GRUB on the master boot record of the first disk, type the following as root user from a Terminal window: # grub-install /dev/hda The new Master Boot Record is written to boot with the GRUB boot loader. 3. Reboot your computer. You should see the GRUB boot screen. Configuring Networking If you are connecting your computer to an Ethernet LAN that has a DHCP server available, you probably don t need to do anything to start up automatically on your LAN and probably be connected to the Internet. However, if there is no DHCP server on your LAN and you have to configure your TCP/IP connection manually, here is the information you will probably be prompted for during Linux installation: . IP Address If you set your own IP address, this is the four-part, dot-separated number that represents your computer to the network. How IP addresses are formed and how you choose them is more than can be said in a few sentences (see Chapter 5 for a more complete description). An example of a private IP address is 192.168.0.1. . Netmask The netmask is used to determine what part of an IP address represents the network and what part represents a particular host computer. An example of a netmask for a Class C network is 255.255.255.0. Applying this
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