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Chapter 8 . Running Fedora Core and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 289 Custom System You are given the choice of configuring your own partitions and selecting your own software packages. Everything and Minimum installs are available under the Custom System selection. If you are just trying out Linux, an Everything custom install gives you all the desktop, server, and development tools that come with Fedora Linux. If you have the disk space, an Everything install saves you the trouble of installing packages you need later. If you plan to use the computer as an Internet server, be selective about which packages you install. Some software packages can represent security risks if they are installed and not configured properly. The steps will now continue through a Custom System installation. (With other installation selections, you can simply skip over steps you are not prompted for.) Although different install classes choose different partitioning methods by default, in all cases you can see and change the partitioning that was chosen for you. 10. Choose your partitioning strategy. You have two choices: Automatically partition All Linux partitions on all hard disks are erased and used for the installation. The installation process automatically handles the partitioning. (It does give you a chance to review your partitioning, however.) Manually partition with Disk Druid The Disk Druid utility is run to let you partition your hard disk. If you select Disk Druid for partitioning, refer to the section on partitioning your hard disk in Chapter 7 for details on using those partitioning tools. Click Next to continue. 11. For automatic partitioning, select your partition option. Choose from the following: Remove all Linux partitions on this system Windows and other non- Linux partitions remain intact with this selection. Remove all partitions on this system This erases the entire hard disk. Keep all partitions and use existing free space This works only if you have enough free space on your hard disk that is not currently assigned to any partition. If you have multiple hard disks, you can select which of those disks should be used for your Fedora Core installation. Turn the Review check box on to see how Linux is choosing to partition your hard disk. Click Next to continue. 12. Review the Partitions screen. You can change any of the partitions you choose providing you have at least one root (/) partition that can hold the entire installation and one swap partition. A small /boot partition (about 100MB) is also recommended. Note Note
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288 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution 4. Media check. If you re asked to check your installation media, press Enter. If the DVD is damaged, this step saves you the trouble of getting deep into the install and then failing. Once the DVD is checked, select Skip to continue. 5. Continue. When the welcome screen appears, click Release Notes to see information about this version of Fedora Linux. Click Next when you re ready to continue. 6. Choose an installation language. Move the arrow keys to the language you want and then select Next. (Later, you will be able to add additional languages.) 7. Choose a keyboard. Some layouts enable dead keys (on by default). Dead keys enable you to use characters with special markings (such as circumflexes and umlauts). 8. Choose install type. Select either Install Fedora Core for a new install or Upgrade an Existing Installation to upgrade an existing version of Fedora. 9. Select type for new install. Choose one of the following types (also referred to as classes): Personal Desktop Installs software appropriate for a home or office personal computer or laptop computer. This includes the GNOME desktop (no KDE) and various desktop-related tools (word processors, Internet tools, and so on). Server tools, software development tools, and many system administration tools are not installed. Workstation Similar to a Personal Desktop installation but adds tools for system administration and software development. (Server software is not installed.) Any Linux partitions or free space on your hard disk(s) will be assigned to the new installation with the Personal Desktop or Workstation types of installation. Any Windows partitions (VFAT or FAT32 file system types) will not be touched by this install. After installation, you will be able to boot Linux or Windows. If there is no free space outside your Windows partition, you must run Partition Magic, the parted utility, the FIPS program (described later) or other disk-resizing software before proceeding, or you will lose your Windows installation. Server Server installs the software packages that you would typically need for a Linux server (in particular, Web server, file server, and print server). It does not include many other server types (DHCP, mail, DNS, FTP, SQL, or news servers). The default server install does not include a GUI (so you d better know how to use the shell). This install type also erases all hard disks and assigns them to Linux by default. This is a big one. In case you didn t catch the previous paragraph, the Server type install erases the entire hard disk by default! If you have an existing Windows partition that you want to keep, change the Automatic Partitioning option that appears next either to only remove the Linux Partitions or to only use existing free space. Caution Caution
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Chapter 8 . Running Fedora Core and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 287 If, when installing Windows or Fedora, you find that the other operating system is no longer available on your boot screen, don t panic and don t immediately reinstall. You can usually recover from the problem by booting with the Fedora Linux emergency boot disk and then using either the grub-install or lilo command to reinsert the proper MBR. If you are uncomfortable working in emergency mode, seek out an expert to help you. Red Hat provides a description of how to configure a dual-boot system at www. redhat.com/docs/manuals/linux/RHL-9-Manual/install-guide/ ch-x86-dualboot.html. Beginning the Installation Once you have selected the right type of installation for your needs, you can begin the installation procedure. Throughout most of the procedure, you can click Back to make changes to earlier screens. However, once you are warned that packages are about to be written to hard disk, there s no turning back. Most items that you configure can be changed after Fedora is installed. It is quite possible that your entire hard disk is devoted to a Windows 95, 98, 2000, ME, NT, or XP operating system, and you may want to keep much of that information after Fedora Core is installed. Personal Desktop, Workstation, and Custom install classes retain existing partitions (by default), but they don t let you take space from existing DOS partitions without destroying them. Some good commercial products are available that you can use to resize your hard disk. In particular, I recommend Partition Magic (www.partitionmagic.com/partitionmagic). Ready to install? Here s what to do: 1. Insert the DVD into the DVD drive. (If you are not able to boot from the DVD, obtain an installation CD set as described earlier in this chapter and continue with this procedure by inserting the first CD into the drive.) 2. Start your computer. If you see the Fedora installation screen, continue to the next step. If you don t see the installation screen, your DVD or CD-ROM drive may not be bootable. You may be able to make the drive bootable, though. Here s how: Restart the computer. Immediately, you should see a message telling you how to go into setup, such as by pressing the F1, F2, or Del key. Enter setup and look for an option such as Boot Options or Boot From. If the value is A: First, Then C:, change it to CD-ROM First, Then C: or something similar. Save the changes and try to install again. 3. Boot the install procedure. At the boot prompt, press Enter to start the install in graphical mode. If your computer won t let you install in graphical mode (16-bit color, 800 600 resolution, framebuffer), refer to the Choosing Different Install Modes sidebar. Tip Caution
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286 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Installing on Multiple Computers If you re installing Fedora on many computers with similar configurations, you can save yourself some time by using the kickstart installation, which enables you to create a set of answers to the questions Fedora Core asks you during installation. Installation Guides No specific installation guide is provided with the Fedora Project. However, the Red Hat Linux Installation Guide is available from any Red Hat FTP site (such as ftp. redhat.com). The location on the ftp.redhat.com server of the Red Hat Linux 9 Installation Guide is pub/redhat/linux/9/en/doc/RH-DOCS/rhl-ig-x86-en-9/index.html Another document you may find useful before installing is the Fedora Linux Reference Guide (also listed in the RH-DOCS directory, as rhl-rg-en-9.0). You ll need to check for yourself to find out whether the Fedora Project eventually updates the reference guides for Fedora Core. Choosing to Install or Upgrade Are you doing a new install or an upgrade? If you are upgrading an existing Red Hat Linux or Fedora system to the latest version, the installation process will try to leave your data files and configuration files intact as much as possible. This type of installation takes longer than a new install. A new install simply erases all data on the Linux partitions (or whole hard disk) that you choose. If you are upgrading an existing Fedora Linux system to this release, you should consider first removing any unwanted packages from your old Fedora Linux system. The fewer to be checked during an upgrade, the faster the upgrade installation (and the less space used). You can upgrade to Fedora Core 3 from previous Fedora or Red Hat Linux systems (such as Red Hat Linux 8 or 9). You cannot upgrade to Fedora Core 2 from a Red Hat Enterprise Linux system. To upgrade, you must have at least a Linux 2.0 kernel installed. With an upgrade, all of your configuration files are saved as filename.rpmsave (for example, the hosts file is saved as hosts.rpmsave). The locations of those files, as well as other upgrade information, is written to /tmp/upgrade.log. The upgrade installs the new kernel, any changed software packages, and any packages that the installed packages depend on being there. Your data files and configuration information should remain intact. By clicking the Customize box, you can choose which packages to upgrade. If you are installing a dual-boot system that includes a Windows operating system, install the Windows system first and the Fedora Core system afterward. Some Windows systems blow away the Master Boot Record (MBR), making the Fedora Core partition inaccessible. Caution Note
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Chapter 8 . Running Fedora Core and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 285 Installing Without a Bootable CD Drive Unlike earlier Fedora and Red Hat Linux versions, Fedora Core 3 doesn t support floppy disk boot images because the Linux 2.6 kernel is too large to fit on a floppy disk. So if you don t have a bootable CD or DVD drive, you will need to start the install process from some other medium such as a PXE server or hard drive. Command Description linux text Runs installation in a text-based mode. Do this if installation doesn t seem to recognize your graphics card. linux lowres Runs installation in 640 480 screen resolution for graphics cards that can t support the higher resolution. linux nofb Turns off frame buffer. linux noprobe Installation won t probe to determine your hardware; you need to load any special drivers that might be needed to install it. Normally, installation auto-probes to determine what hardware you have on your computer. linux mediacheck Check your DVD or CDs before installing. Because media checking is done next in the normal installation process, do this only to test the media on a computer you are not installing on. linux rescue Boots from CD, mounts your hard disk, and lets you access useful utilities to correct problems that are preventing your Linux system from operating properly. (Not really an installation mode.) linux expert Bypasses probing so you can choose your mouse, video memory, and other values that would otherwise be chosen for you. Use if you believe that the installation process is not properly auto-probing your hardware. linux askmethod Has the installation process ask where to install from (local CD, NFS image, FTP, HTTP, or hard disk). linux updates To install from an update disk. You can add other options to the linux boot command to identify particular hardware that is not being detected properly. For example, to specify the number of cylinders, heads, and sectors for your hard disk (if you believe the boot process is not detecting these values properly), you could pass the information to the kernel as follows: linux hd=720,32,64. In this example, the kernel is told that the hard disk has 720 cylinders, 32 heads, and 64 sectors. You can find this information in the documentation that comes with your hard disk (or stamped on the hard disk itself on a sticker near the serial number). There are also other boot options you can add to the installation prompt to instruct the installation boot prompt how to start the installation. Many of these options are described in Chapter 11.
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284 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution To begin installing Fedora Core, you also need to have the Linux Bible 2005 Edition DVD that comes with this book (or a set of installation CDs that you obtain yourself), and you must either be dedicating your entire hard disk (or an added hard disk) to Linux, have a preconfigured Linux partition, or have sufficient free space on your hard disk outside any existing Windows partition. If you are not dedicating your whole hard disk to Fedora Core and you don t understand partitioning, refer to Chapter 7, which describes how to set up partitioning to allow multiple computer operating systems to coexist on the same hard drive. Choosing an Installation Method You can also install Fedora from any of several different types of media. You can still start the install process by booting the installation DVD. After booting the install process, however, you can type linux askmethod at the boot prompt, which offers you the choice of installing Fedora from the following locations: . Local CD-ROM This is the most common method of installing Fedora Core and the one you get by typing linux and pressing Enter from the Fedora installation boot prompt. Use this section for both DVD and CD installs. (You may need to change the BIOS if the DVD or CD doesn t boot.) All packages needed to complete the installation are on the DVD that comes with this book. . HTTP Lets you install from a Web page address (http://). . FTP Lets you install from an FTP site (ftp://). . NFS image Allows you to install from any shared directory on another computer on your network using the Network File System (NFS) facility. . Hard drive If you can place a copy of the Fedora Linux distribution on your hard drive, you can install it from there. (The distribution should be on a hard drive partition to which you are not installing.) Note Choosing Different Install Modes Although most computers enable you to install Fedora in the default mode (graphical), there may be times when your video card does not support that mode. Also, although the install process detects most computer hardware, there may be times when your hard disk, Ethernet card, or other critical piece of hardware cannot be detected and will require you to enter special information at boot time. The following is a list of commands that you could type at the installation boot prompt to change installation modes to start the Fedora Core install process. You would typically try these modes only if the default mode failed (that is, if the screen was garbled or installation failed at some point). For a list of other supported modes, refer to the /usr/share/doc/anaconda*/ command-line.txt file or press F2 to see short descriptions of some of these types.
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Chapter 8 . Running Fedora Core and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 283 Choosing Computer Hardware Choosing your computer hardware may not really be a choice. You may just have an old PC lying around on which you want to try Fedora. Or you may have a killer workstation with some extra disk space and want to try Fedora out on a separate partition or whole disk. To install the PC version of Fedora (the version on the accompanying DVD) successfully, the computer must have the following: . Processor The Pentium-class PC needs to be at least 200 MHz for text mode and 400 MHz Pentium II for GUI. . RAM You need at least 64MB of RAM to install Fedora. If you are running in graphical mode, you need at least 192MB. The recommended RAM for graphical mode is 256MB. . DVD or CD drive You need to be able to boot up the installation process from a DVD or CD (the latter requires that you get Fedora Core installation CDs as described at http://fedora.redhat.com/download). If you can t boot from a DVD or CD, there are ways to start the installation from a hard disk or using a PXE install, as the following section, Choosing an Installation Method, explains. . Hard disk Following is the required minimum disk space for five different installations. In each case, you will want to have more disk space than the minimums listed here: Personal Desktop 1.9GB Workstation 2.4GB Server 870MB Everything (Custom) 5.3GB Minimum (Custom) 520MB . Keyboard and monitor You need a keyboard and monitor at least during installation. (You can operate Fedora quite well over a LAN using either a shell interface from a network login or an X terminal.) Although not included with this book, Fedora Linux versions are available for the AMD64 architecture. Red Hat Enterprise Linux versions (which you have to purchase from Red Hat Inc.) are available for other hardware, such as Intel Itanium, IBM PowerPC, and IBM mainframe. The Fedora distribution that comes with this book and the installation procedures presented here are specific to PCs. Most of the software described in this book will work the same in any of those hardware environments. (Check out http://redhat.com/mirrors for sites that offer Fedora Linux for different computer hardware architectures.) The list of hardware supported by previous versions of Red Hat Linux is available on the Internet at www.redhat.com/hardware. Note
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282 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution So, there will be the following features in the next release of Fedora Core. Uh… Hold on. Who gets to decide? We do. That stuff will be neato for RHEL-4. MMkay, then. When do _we_ get to suggest things? oss_crowd: feel free to talk among yourselves. * oss_crowd talks among themselves about new features. btw, feature X will be disabled in the release. * oss_crowd glares at fedora_rh fedora_rh: nice of you to tell us while we were sitting here talking. oss_crowd: sorry, it s just not happening. rh_dev: when do we get to decide what s happening? oss_crowd: Dunno, I ll ask rh_legal rh_dev: ugh, /msg me rh_dev: let s not do anything rash here. * fedora_us gets tired of sitting in #limbo fedora_rh: I want to see more of the community part of the whole community-based thing rh_dev: how about at least a publicly accessible CVS/SVN tree? oss_crowd: Yeah, that would be cool. rh_dev: finally, some movement. When is that going to be up? * rh_dev is away: talking to rh_legal * oss_crowd tries to occupy themselves and do things like fedoranews and fedorapeople. Uh… ping? oss_crowd: what s up? fedora_rh: We re feeling kinda useless. What exactly is our role, again? oss_crowd: well, it would be really helpful if you could test some things and file the bugs. fedora_rh: ugh. We ALWAYS did that. … — END IRC LOG — Even after the third release of Fedora Core, there is still no certainty about its future. Installing Fedora Core The Linux operating system Fedora Core, sponsored by Red Hat, is included on this book s DVD. The rest of this chapter leads you through its installation. Before you install Fedora on your computer, ensure that your computer hardware supports it. You should also choose a method of installing Fedora Core. Those topics are discussed in the following sections.
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Chapter 8 . Running Fedora Core and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 281 That said, I ll end this section with an excellent and (I believe) rather realistic reflection of how the transition to Fedora looked to the open source community. The following is a post to the fedora-devel-list mailing list that includes a fictitious IRC session among the open source community, Fedora.us, and Red Hat Inc. by Konstantin Ryabitsev. (Go here for the full post: http://lwn.net/Articles/ 83360.) Let me, err, relay how things are looking from outside of RH in the format everyone will understand… — BEGIN IRC LOG — We are announcing Red Hat Project! A community-based distribution! rh_pr: Neat. rh_pr: Uh… I m not ready. * rh_pr is away: promoting rhel rh_dev: what do we do? oss_crowd: I m not sure. rh_dev: don t do anything until I say it s ok. rh_dev: what can we do to help with Red Hat Project? oss_crowd: uh… file bugs and help test things. rh_dev: didn t we always do that? hey, all, if you really want a stable system, don t use fedora project. It will eat your brane. Buy RHEL instead. rh_sales: stfu — rh_pr removes voice from rh_sales hey, all, check out our neat community-driven system for red hat development fedora_us: ooooh! fedora_us: I like your name — fedora_rh joined the channel much better We are announcing Fedora Project! A community-driven distribution! rh_pr: Neat! * fedora_rh waves I m not dead yet. fedora_us: don t confuse things. fedora_rh: does this mean we re merging? fedora_us: maybe fedora_rh: don t do anything until I say it s ok. — fedora_us joined #limbo fedora_rh: so, what can we do to help? oss_crowd: uh… file bugs and help test things. sigh… didn t we always do that? oss_crowd: I know, let s all go in the circle and say our names. * oss_crowd goes in the circle and says their names. This lasts several months.
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280 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Software in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 matched almost exactly the same packages that were in Fedora Core 1. The same is expected to be true with Fedora Core 3 software when Red Hat completes Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4. As for including the Fedora community in Fedora development, Red Hat states on the Fedora home page: Red Hat will retain editorial control over Fedora Core but will explicitly include external developers in the process of making technical decisions that align with our project objectives. This is an evolutionary, not revolutionary change; by depending on and contributing to Open Source software since the inception of Red Hat Linux, Red Hat has always shared control over the software with external developers. Red Hat will now more explicitly share control for packaging with external developers in our new project: The Fedora Project. Although there is no formal procedure in place as of this writing, Red Hat has stated that it expects to give people outside Red Hat more substantial roles in Fedora planning and development process based on how well they contribute to the community: For more information on the objectives of the Fedora Project, go to http:// fedora.redhat.com/about/objectives.html. Listening to the Red Hat Community As you might guess, the community of people who have hitched their wagons to the Red Hat train had some concerns about the Fedora/RHEL split. Some of the biggest concerns of the community are summed up by the following questions: . Is Fedora a real Linux distribution? Fedora has been set up as a project for shaking bugs out of software before that software goes into Red Hat s commercial Linux products. Red Hat has gone to great lengths to make sure people know that Red Hat is not guaranteeing or supporting Fedora. If that s the case, why should Red Hat care if Fedora is a fully integrated distribution once the parts it needs are close enough to start putting into RHEL? . Who controls Fedora? Right now, Red Hat is calling all the shots when it comes to features, schedules, and other critical parts of Fedora. Although Red Hat claims it will allow more community involvement in critical parts of the project, so far it has not. Why should the community support a Linux system over which it has no control? The funny thing is that despite the confusing and frustrating aspects of the transition, many, many people in the open source community are still supporting the Fedora effort. I think that really is an indication of how well-regarded Red Hat s contributions to open source have been. The company is still trusted (somewhat) to offer some real value to the open source community as it also pursues its own commercial agenda.
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