Php5 Hosting, Mysql, Java, Jsp, Servlet, Tomcat, Ssh, Http Web Server Blog

262 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution . Support for multiple file system types. . Support for automatic decompression of boot images. . Support for downloading boot images from a network. For more information on how GRUB works, type man grub or info grub. The info command contains more details about GRUB. Booting with GRUB When you install Linux, you are typically given the option to configure the information needed to boot your computer (with one or more operating systems) into the default boot loader. With GRUB configured, when you boot your computer, the first thing you see after the BIOS loads is the GRUB boot screen (it says GRUB at the top and lists bootable partitions below it), do one of the following: . Default If you do nothing, the default operating system will boot automatically after a few seconds. . Select an operating system Use the up and down arrow keys to select any of the operating systems shown on the screen. Then press Enter to boot that operating system. . Edit the boot process If you want to change any of the options used during the boot process, use the arrow keys to select the operating system you want and type e to select it. Follow the next procedure to change your boot options temporarily. If you want to change your boot options so that they take effect every time you boot your computer, see the section on permanently changing boot options. Changing those options involves editing the /boot/grub/grub.conf file. Temporarily Changing Boot Options From the GRUB boot screen, you can select to change or add boot options for the current boot session. First, select the operating system you want (using the arrow keys) and type e (as described earlier). You will see a graphical screen that contains information like the following: GRUB version 0.94 (639K lower / 128768K upper memory) root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.5-1.350 ro root=LABEL=/ initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.5-1.350.img Use the.and.keys to select which entry is highlighted. Press b to boot, e to edit the selected command in the boot sequence, c for a command-line, o to open a new line after ( O for before) the selected line, d to remove the selected line, or escape to go back to the main menu.
Please visit our professional web hosting services to find out about cheap and reliable webhost service that will surely answer all your demands.

Chapter 7 . Installing Linux 261 Directory Explanation /var Your FTP (/var/ftp) and Web-server (/var/www) directories are, by default in many Linux systems, stored under /var. Having a separate /var partition can prevent an attack on those facilities from corrupting or filling up your entire hard disk. /home Because your user account directories are located in this directory, having a separate /home account can prevent a reckless user from filling up the entire hard disk. /tmp Protecting /tmp from the rest of the hard disk by placing it on a separate partition can ensure that applications that need to write to temporary files in /tmp are able to complete their processing, even if the rest of the disk fills up. Although people who use Linux systems casually rarely see a need for lots of partitions, those who maintain and occasionally have to recover large systems are thankful when the system they need to fix has several partitions. Multiple partitions can localize deliberate damage (such as Denial of Service attacks), problems from errant users, and accidental file system corruption. Using LILO or GRUB Boot Loaders A boot loader lets you choose when and how to boot the bootable operating systems installed on your computer s hard disks. Most Linux systems give you the opportunity to use GRUB or LILO boot loaders. The following sections describe both GRUB and LILO boot loaders. Booting Your Computer with GRUB With multiple operating systems installed and several partitions set up, how does your computer know which operating system to start? To select and manage which partition is booted and how it is booted, you need a boot loader. The boot loader that is installed by default with Fedora is called the GRand Unified Boot loader (GRUB). GRUB is a GNU boot loader (www.gnu.org/software/grub) that replaced the LILO as the default boot loader in many Linux systems (including Fedora). GRUB offers the following features: . Support for multiple executable formats. . Support for multiboot operating systems (such as Fedora, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, and other Linux systems). . Support for nonmultiboot operating systems (such as Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT, Windows ME, Windows XP, and OS/2) via a chain-loading function. Chain-loading is the act of loading another boot loader (presumably one that is specific to the proprietary operating system) from GRUB to start the selected operating system.
Looking for affordable and reliable webhost to host and run your business application? Then look no more and go to servlet web hosting services.

260 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution . The fdisk man page recommends that you use partitioning tools that come with an operating system to create partitions for that operating system. For example, the DOS fdisk knows how to create partitions that DOS will like, and the Linux fdisk will happily make your Linux partitions. Once your hard disk is set up for dual boot, however, you should probably not go back to Windows-only partitioning tools. Use Linux fdisk or a product made for multiboot systems (such as Partition Magic). . You can have up to 63 partitions on an IDE hard disk. A SCSI hard disk can have up to 15 partitions. You won t need nearly that many partitions. If you are using Linux as a desktop system, you probably don t need a lot of different partitions. There are, however, some very good reasons for having multiple partitions for Linux systems that are shared by a lot of users or are public Web servers or file servers. Multiple partitions within Fedora Linux, for example, offer the following advantages: . Protection from attacks. Denial of Service attacks sometimes take action that tries to fill up your hard disk. If public areas, such as /var, are on separate partitions, a successful attack can fill up a partition without shutting down the whole computer. Because /var is the default location for Web and FTP servers, and expected to hold a lot of data, entire hard disks often are assigned to the /var file system alone. . Protection from corrupted file systems. If you have only one file system (/), its corruption can cause the whole Fedora Linux system to be damaged. Corruption of a smaller partition can be easier to fix and often allows the computer to stay in service while the correction is made. Here are some directories that you may want to consider making into separate file system partitions. Directory Explanation /boot Sometimes the BIOS in older PCs can access only the first 1024 cylinders of your hard disk. To make sure that the information in your /boot directory is accessible to the BIOS, create a separate disk partition (of about 100MB) for /boot and make sure that it exists below cylinder 1024. The rest of your Linux system can exist outside of that 1024-cylinder boundary if you like. Even with several boot images, there is rarely a reason for /boot to be larger than 100MB. (For newer hard disks, you can select the Linear Mode check box during installation. Then the boot partition can be anywhere on the disk.) /usr This directory structure contains most of the applications and utilities available to Fedora Linux users. Having /usr on a separate partition lets you mount that file system as read-only after the operating system has been installed. This prevents attackers from replacing or removing important system applications with their own versions that may cause security problems. A separate /usr partition is also useful if you have diskless workstations on your local network. Using NFS, you can share /usr over the network with those workstations.
If you are searching for cheap webhost for your web application, please visit MySQL5 Web Hosting services.

Chapter 7 . Installing Linux 259 . Delete a partition. Type d and a partition number, and then press Enter. For example, /dev/sda2 would be partition number 2. (The deletion won t take effect until you write the change you can back out up to that point.) . Create a partition. If you have free space, you can add a new partition. Type n; l for a logical partition (5 or over) or p for a primary partition (1 4); and a partition number from the available range. Then choose the first cylinder number from those available. (The output from fdisk l shown earlier will show you cylinders being used under the Start and End columns.) Next, enter the cylinder number the partition will end with (or type the specific number of megabytes or kilobytes you want: for example, +50M or +1024K). You just created an ext3 Linux partition. Again, this change isn t permanent until you write the changes. . Change the partition type. Press T to choose the type of file system. Enter the partition number of the partition number you want to change. Type the number representing the file system type you want to use in hexadecimal code. (Type L at this point to see a list of file system types and codes.) For a Linux file system, use the number 83; for a Linux swap partition, use 82; and for a windows FAT32 file system, use the letter b. . Display the partition table. Throughout this process, feel free to type p to display (print on the screen) the partition table as it now stands. . Quit or save. Before you write your changes, display the partition table again and make sure that it is what you want it to be. If you don t like a change you make to your partitions, press Q to exit without saving. Nothing changes on your partition table. If your changes are correct, write them to the partition table by pressing W. You are warned about how dangerous it is to change partitions, and you must confirm the change. An alternative to the menu-driven fdisk command is sfdisk, which is a commandline oriented partitioning tool. With sfdisk, you type the full command line to list or change partitions, instead of being taken through a set of prompts (as with fdisk). See the sfdisk man page for details. Linux experts often prefer sfdisk because it can be used in combination with other commands to take and output partitioning information. Tips for Creating Partitions Changing your disk partitions to handle multiple operating systems can be very tricky. Part of the reason is that each different operating system has its own ideas about how partitioning information should be handled, as well as different tools for doing it. Here are some tips to help you get it right: . If you are creating a dual-boot system, particularly for Windows ME or Windows XP, try to install the Windows operating system first. Otherwise, the Windows installation may make the Linux partitions inaccessible.
Check Tomcat Web Hosting services for best quality webspace to host your web application.

258 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution To see how each partition is being used on your current system, type the following: # df h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/hda2 37G 5.4G 30G 16% / /dev/hda1 99M 8.6M 86M 10% /boot none 61M 0 61M 0% /dev/shm From the output of df, you can see that the root of your Linux system (/) is on the /dev/hda2 partition and that the /dev/hda1 partition is used for /boot. If this had been a dual-boot system (with Windows 98), you might have seen a Windows partition from fdisk that looked like the following: /dev/hda1 * 1 83 666666+ b Win95 FAT32 You could mount that partition in Linux (to get to your Windows files when Linux is booted) by typing: # mkdir /mnt/win # mount -t vfat /dev/hda1 /mnt/win Before using fdisk to change your partitions, I strongly recommend running the df h command to see how your partitions are currently being defined. This will help reduce the risk of changing or deleting the wrong partition. To use fdisk to change your partitions, you need to identify the hard disk you are partitioning. For example, the first IDE hard disk is identified as /dev/hda. So, to partition your first IDE hard drive, you can begin (as root user) by typing: # fdisk /dev/hda For different hard drive types or numbers, /dev/hda is replaced by the name of the device you want to work with. For example, here are some of your choices: Device Description /dev/hda For the first IDE hard disk; hdb, hdc, and so on for other IDE disks. /dev/sda For the first SCSI hard disk; sdb, sdc, and so on for other SCSI disks. /dev/rd/c0d0 For a RAID device. /dev/ida/c0d0 Also for a RAID device. After you have started fdisk, type m to see the options. Here is what you can do with fdisk: Caution Note
From our experience, we can recommend PHP Web Hosting services, if you need affordable webhost to host and run your web application.

Chapter 7 . Installing Linux 257 8. Optionally select Force to Be a Primary Partition if you want to be sure to be able to boot the partition or Check for Bad Blocks if you want to have the partition checked for errors. 9. Select OK if everything is correct. (The changes don t take effect until several steps later when you are asked to begin installing the packages.) To edit a partition in Disk Druid from the main Disk Druid window, follow these steps: 1. Click the partition you want to edit. 2. Click the Edit button. A window appears, ready to let you edit the partition definition. 3. Change any of the attributes (as described in the add partition procedure). For a new install, you may need to add the mount point (/) for your primary Linux partition. 4. Select OK. (The changes don t take effect until several steps later, when you are asked to begin installing the packages.) Partitioning with Fdisk The fdisk utility is available with most every Linux system for creating and working with disk partitions in Linux. It does the same job as graphical partitioning tools such as Disk Druid, although it s no longer offered as an option during Fedora installation. However, during Fedora installation, and other Linux installations that have virtual terminals running, you can switch to a shell (press Ctrl+Alt+F2) and use fdisk manually to partition your hard disk. The following procedures are performed from the command line as root user. Remember that any partition commands can easily erase your disk or make it inaccessible. Back up critical data before using any tool to change partitions! Then be very careful about the changes you do make. Keeping an emergency boot disk handy is a good idea, too. The fdisk command is one that is available on many different operating systems (although it looks and behaves differently on each). In Linux, fdisk is a menu-based command. To use fdisk to list all your partitions, type the following (as root user): # fdisk l Disk /dev/hda: 40.0 GB, 40020664320 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4865 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/hda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux /dev/hda2 14 4833 38716650 83 Linux /dev/hda3 4834 4865 257040 82 Linux swap Caution
We recommend you use shared web hosting services, because many users agree that it is cheap, reliable and customer-satisfying webhost.

256 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution If you create multiple partitions, make sure that there is enough room in the right places to complete the installation. For example, most of the Linux software is installed in the /usr directory (and subdirectories), whereas most user data are eventually added to the /home or /var directories. To delete a partition in Disk Druid, do the following: 1. Select a partition from the list of Current Disk Partitions on the main Disk Druid window (click it or use the arrow keys). 2. To delete the partition, click Delete. 3. When asked to confirm the deletion, click Delete. 4. If you made a mistake, click Reset to return to the partitioning as it was when you started Disk Druid. To add a partition in Disk Druid, follow these steps from the main Disk Druid window: 1. Select New. A window appears, enabling you to create a new partition. 2. Type the name of the Mount Point (the directory where this partition will connect to the Linux file system). You need at least a root (/) partition and a swap partition. 3. Select the type of file system to be used on the partition. You can select from Linux native (ext2 or preferably ext3), software RAID, Linux swap (swap), physical volume (LVM), or Windows FAT (vfat). To create a file system type different from those shown, leave the space you want to use free for now. After installation is complete, use fdisk to create a partition of the type you want. 4. Type the number of megabytes to be used for the partition (in the Size field). If you want this partition to grow to fill the rest of the hard disk, you can put any number in this field (1 will do fine). 5. If you have more than one hard disk, select the disk on which you want to put the partition from the Allowable Drives box. 6. Type the size of the partition (in megabytes) into the Size (MB) box. 7. Select one of the following Additional Size Options: Fixed size Click here to use only the number of megabytes you entered into the Size text box when you create the partition. Fill all space up to (MB) If you want to use all remaining space up to a certain number of megabytes, click here and fill in the number. (You may want to do this if you are creating a VFAT partition up to the 2048MB limit that Disk Druid can create.) Fill to maximum allowable size If you want this partition to grow to fill the rest of the disk, click here. Tip Tip
Looking for affordable and reliable webhost to host and run your business application? Then look no more and go to servlet web hosting services.

Chapter 7 . Installing Linux 255 . Format Indicates whether (check mark) or not (no check mark) the installation process should format the hard disk partition. Partitions marked with a check are erased! So, on a multiboot system, be sure your Windows partitions as well as other partitions containing data are not checked! . Size (MB) The amount of disk space allocated for the partition. If you selected to let the partition grow to fill the existing space, this number may be much larger than the requested amount. . Start/End Represents the partition s starting and ending cylinders on the hard disk. In the top section, you can see each of the hard disks that are connected to your computer. The drive name is shown first. The Geometry section (Geom) shows the numbers of cylinders, heads, and sectors, respectively, on the disk. That s followed by the model name of the disk. The total amount of disk space, the amount used, and the amount free are shown in megabytes. Reasons for Partitioning There are different opinions about how to divide up a hard disk. Here are some issues: . Do you want to install another operating system? If you want Windows on your computer along with Linux, you need at least one Windows (Win95 FAT16, VFAT, or NTFS type), one Linux (Linux ext3), and one Linux swap partition. . Is it a multiuser system? If you are using the system yourself, you probably don t need many partitions. One reason for partitioning an operating system is to keep the entire system from running out of disk space at once. That also serves to put boundaries on what an individual can use up in his or her home directory (although disk quotas are good for that as well). . Do you have multiple hard disks? You need at least one partition per hard disk. If your system has two hard disks, you may assign one to / and one to /home (if you have lots of users) or /var (if the computer is a server sharing lots of data). Deleting, Adding, and Editing Partitions Before you can add a partition, there needs to be some free space available on your hard disk. If all space on your hard disk is currently assigned to one partition (as it often is in DOS or Windows), you must delete or resize that partition before you can claim space on another partition. The section on reclaiming disk space discusses how to add a partition without losing information in your existing single-partition system. Make sure that any data that you want to keep is backed up before you delete the partition. When you delete a partition, all its data is gone. Disk Druid is less flexible, but more intuitive, than the fdisk utility. Disk Druid lets you delete, add, and edit partitions. Caution
You need excellent and relaible webhost company to host your web applications? Then pay a visit to Inexpensive Web Hosting services.

254 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Partitioning with Disk Druid During Installation During installation, Fedora gives you the opportunity to change how your hard disk is partitioned using a tool called Disk Druid. The Disk Druid screen is divided into two sections. The top shows general information about each hard disk. The bottom shows details of each partition. Figure 7-1 shows an example of the Disk Druid window. Figure 7-1: Partition your disk during Fedora installation from the Disk Setup window. For each of the hard disk partitions, you can see: . Device The device name is the name representing the hard disk partition in the /dev directory. Each disk partition device begins with two letters: hd for IDE disks, sd for SCSI disks, ed for ESDI disks, or xd for XT disks. After that is a single letter representing the number of the disk (disk 1 is a, disk 2 is b, disk 3 is c, and so on). The partition number for that disk (1, 2, 3, and so on) follows that. For example, /dev/hda1 represents the first partition on the first IDE hard drive on the computer. . Mount Point/Raid/Volume The directory where the partition is connected into the Linux file system (if it is). You must assign the root partition (/) to a native Linux partition before you can proceed. If you are using RAID or LVM, the name of the RAID device or LVM volume appears here. . Type The type of file system that is installed on the disk partition. In many cases, the file system will be Linux (ext3), Win VFAT (vfat), or Linux swap. However, you can also use the previous Linux file system (ext2), physical volume (LVM), or software RAID.
If you are looking for cheap and quality webhost to host and run your website check Jboss Web Hosting services.

Chapter 7 . Installing Linux 253 Partitioning Hard Drives The hard disk (or disks) on your computer provides the permanent storage area for your data files, applications programs, and the operating system itself. Partitioning is the act of dividing a disk into logical areas that can be worked with separately. In Windows, you typically have one partition that consumes the whole hard disk. However, there are several reasons you may want to have multiple partitions: . Multiple operating systems If you install Linux on a PC that already has a Windows operating system, you may want to keep both operating systems on the computer. For all practical purposes, each operating system must exist on a completely separate partition. When your computer boots, you can choose which system to run. . Multiple partitions within an operating system To protect from having your entire operating system run out of disk space, people often assign separate partitions to different areas of the Linux file system. For example, if /home and /var were assigned to separate partitions, then a gluttonous user who fills up the /home partition wouldn t prevent logging daemons from continuing to write to log files in the /var/log directory. Multiple partitions also make it easier to do certain kinds of backups (such as an image backup). For example, an image backup of /home would be much faster (and probably more useful) than an image backup of the root file system (/). . Different file system types Different kinds of file systems that have different structures. File systems of different types must be on their own partitions. In most Linux systems, you need at least one file system type for / (typically ext3) and one for your swap area. File systems on CD-ROM use the iso9660 file system type. When you create partitions for Linux, you will usually assign the file system type as Linux native (using the ext2 or ext3 type on some Linux systems and reiserfs on others). Reasons to use other types include needing a file system that allows particularly long filenames or many inodes (each file consumes an inode). For example, if you set up a news server, it can use many inodes to store news articles. Another reason for using a different file system type is to copy an image backup tape from another operating system to your local disk (such as one from an OS/2 or Minix operating system). If you have used only Windows operating systems before, you probably had your whole hard disk assigned to C: and never thought about partitions. With many Linux systems, you have the opportunity to view and change the default partitioning based on how you want to use the system. During installation, systems such as SUSE and Fedora let you partition your hard disk using a graphical partitioning tool (Yast and Disk Druid, respectively). The following sections describe how to use Disk Druid (during installation) or fdisk. See the section Tips for Creating Partitions for some ideas about creating disk partitions. Tip
We recommend you use shared web hosting services, because many users agree that it is cheap, reliable and customer-satisfying webhost.